# Aero Guide

> Aviation Knowledge & Technical Study


## Posts

- [Weather Radar and Detection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/weather-radar-and-detection-systems/): Satellite or other source weather radar information that is uploaded to the aircraft from an outside source.
- [Area Navigation (RNAV) and Radio Altimeter](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/area-navigation-rnav-and-radio-altimeter/): Area navigation (RNAV) is a general term used to describe the navigation from point A to point B without direct overflight of navigational aids, such as VOR stations or ADF non-directional beacons.
- [RMI and DME Navigation Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/rmi-and-dme-navigation-systems/): To save space in the instrument panel and to consolidate related information into one easy-to-use location, the radio magnetic indicator (RMI) has been developed.
- [Aircraft Transponders and Altitude Encoders](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-transponders-and-altitude-encoders/): A radar beacon transponder, or simply, a transponder, provides positive identification and location of an aircraft on the radar screens of ATC.
- [TCAS and ADS-B Collision Avoidance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/tcas-and-ads-b-collision-avoidance/): The ever increasing volume of air traffic has caused a corresponding increase in concern over collision avoidance.
- [Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/automatic-direction-finder-adf/): An automatic direction finder (ADF) operates using a ground signal transmitted from a NDB. Early radio direction finders (RDF) used the same principle.
- [VOR Navigation Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/vor-navigation-systems/): One of the oldest and most useful navigational aids is the very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR) navigation system.
- [Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/instrument-landing-systems-ils/): An ILS is used to land an aircraft when visibility is poor. This radio navigation system guides the aircraft down a slope to the touchdown area on the runway.
- [Inertial Navigation and ACARS Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inertial-navigation-and-acars-systems/): An inertial navigation system (INS) is used on some large aircraft for long-range navigation.
- [Installation of Communication and Navigation Equipment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/installation-of-communication-and-navigation-equipment/): Most of the avionics equipment discussed in the Communication and Navigation series is only repairable by the manufacturer or FAA-certified repair stations that are licensed to perform specific work.
- [Reducing Aircraft Radio Interference](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reducing-aircraft-radio-interference/): Suppression of unwanted electromagnetic fields and electrostatic discharge interference is essential on all aircraft.
- [Aircraft Antenna Installation and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-antenna-installation-and-maintenance/): Knowledge of antenna installation and maintenance is especially important as these tasks are performed by the aircraft technician.
- [Aircraft Ice Control and Detection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ice-control-and-detection-systems/): Aircraft icing poses a serious hazard to flight safety by degrading aerodynamic performance and affecting aircraft systems.
- [Aircraft Wing and Stabilizer Anti-Icing Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wing-and-stabilizer-anti-icing-systems/): The wing leading edges, or leading-edge slats, and horizontal and vertical stabilizer leading edges of many aircraft makes and models have anti-icing systems installed to prevent the formation of ice on these components.
- [Aircraft Wing and Stabilizer Deicing Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wing-and-stabilizer-deicing-systems/): Aircraft deicing systems are designed to remove ice that has already formed on critical surfaces, such as the wings and stabilizers.
- [Aircraft Deice Boot Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-deice-boot-maintenance/): Proper maintenance of aircraft deice boot systems is essential to ensure effective ice removal and reliable operation in icing conditions.
- [Aircraft Propeller Deicing Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-deicing-systems/): Aircraft propeller deicing systems prevent ice accumulation on propeller blades, helping maintain thrust efficiency and safe engine operation during icing conditions.
- [Aircraft Ground Deicing and Anti-Icing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ground-deicing-and-anti-icing/): Ground deicing and anti-icing procedures are essential to ensure aircraft surfaces remain free of frozen contaminants before flight.
- [Aircraft Rain Control and Removal Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rain-control-and-removal-systems/): Aircraft rain control systems improve pilot visibility during wet weather operations by removing water from the windshield and preventing visual distortion.
- [Aircraft Windshield and Water Tank Ice Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-windshield-and-water-tank-ice-control/): Aircraft ice prevention systems are used to keep windshields, water lines, and waste systems free of ice, frost, and fog during flight operations.
- [Physiology of Flight and Hypoxia](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/physiology-of-flight-and-hypoxia/): The mixture of gases that make up the earth’s atmosphere is commonly called air. It is composed principally of 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.
- [Aircraft Oxygen Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-oxygen-systems/): The negative effects of reduced atmospheric pressure at flight altitudes, forcing less oxygen into the blood, can be overcome.
- [Aircraft Oxygen Systems and Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-oxygen-systems-and-components/): Aircraft oxygen systems provide supplemental oxygen to the flight crew and passengers when cabin altitude becomes too high for normal breathing.
- [Aircraft Oxygen System Servicing and Safety Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-oxygen-system-servicing-and-safety-guide/): Gaseous oxygen systems are prevalent in general, corporate, and airline aviation.
- [Aircraft Cabin Pressurization Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cabin-pressurization-systems/): The gases of the atmosphere (air), although invisible, have weight. A one-square-inch column of air stretching from sea level into space weighs 14.7 pounds.
- [Aircraft Cabin Pressurization Air Sources](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cabin-pressurization-air-sources/): Aircraft cabin pressurization systems require a source of compressed air to maintain a safe and comfortable cabin altitude at high flight levels.
- [Aircraft Cabin Pressurization Control Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cabin-pressurization-control-systems/): Aircraft cabin pressure control systems regulate the pressure inside the fuselage so that passengers and crew can remain comfortable and receive adequate oxygen at high altitudes.
- [Aircraft Air Conditioning Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-air-conditioning-systems/): Aircraft air conditioning systems are designed to maintain a comfortable and safe cabin environment by controlling temperature, airflow, and humidity during flight and on the ground.
- [Aircraft Heating Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-heating-systems/): Aircraft heating systems keep the cabin, cockpit, and critical areas warm during flight and ground operations.
- [Evolution of Aircraft Fabric Covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/evolution-of-aircraft-fabric-covering/): Fabric-covered aircraft play an important role in the history of aviation.
- [Polyester Aircraft Fabric Repair Procedures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/polyester-aircraft-fabric-repair-procedures/): Aircraft fabric coverings are subject to damage from weather, handling, hangar rash, and normal wear during service.
- [Step-by-Step Aircraft Fabric Covering Process](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/step-by-step-aircraft-fabric-covering-process/): It is required to have an IA involved in the process of recovering a fabric aircraft because re-covering is a major repair or major alteration.
- [Testing Aircraft Fabric Strength and Airworthiness](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/testing-aircraft-fabric-strength-and-airworthiness/): Aircraft fabric coverings gradually lose strength due to age, weather, sunlight, and deterioration of the protective coatings.
- [Approved Materials for Aircraft Fabric Covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/approved-materials-for-aircraft-fabric-covering/): Approved aircraft fabric covering systems use specific materials that have been tested and accepted by the FAA or approved through an STC or field approval.
- [Aircraft Engine Maintenance and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-maintenance-and-operation/): Proper engine maintenance and correct operating practices are essential for maintaining aircraft safety, reliability, and performance.
- [Aircraft Turboprop Engine Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turboprop-engine-operation/): Turboprop engine operation is quite similar to that of a turbojet engine, except for the added feature of a propeller.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-operation/): The engine operating procedures presented here apply generally to turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft, and auxiliary power units (APU).
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-instruments/): Engine pressure ratio (EPR) is an indication of the thrust being developed by a turbofan engine and is used to set power for takeoff on many types of aircraft.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Combustion Section Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-combustion-section-inspection/): Converted from the supplied HTML into Gutenberg block markup. Original wording, links, image URLs, alt text, and captions are retained.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-maintenance/): Turbine powerplant maintenance procedures vary widely according to the design and construction of the particular engine being serviced.
- [Aircraft Autopilot Components and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-autopilot-components-and-operation/): Most autopilot systems consist of four basic components, along with various switches and auxiliary units.
- [Aircraft Warning and Caution Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-warning-and-caution-systems/): Aircraft warning and caution systems provide critical alerts to the flight crew through visual and aural indications.
- [Aircraft Flight Director Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-flight-director-systems/): Flight director systems provide visual guidance to help pilots control aircraft attitude and follow precise flight paths without directly moving the controls.
- [Common Gyroscopic Flight Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/common-gyroscopic-flight-instruments/): Common gyroscopic instruments provide essential attitude, heading, and turn information for aircraft control.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Cold Cylinder Check](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-cold-cylinder-check/): The cold cylinder check determines the operating characteristics of each cylinder of an air-cooled engine.
- [Reciprocating Engine Cylinder Compression Tests](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-cylinder-compression-tests/): The cylinder compression test determines if the valves, piston rings, and pistons are adequately sealing the combustion chamber.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Troubleshooting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-troubleshooting/): Troubleshooting is a systematic analysis of the symptoms that indicate engine malfunction.
- [Gyroscopic Principles and Instrument Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gyroscopic-principles-and-instrument-systems/): Gyroscopic instruments provide critical attitude and directional information for aircraft control and navigation.
- [Factors Affecting Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/factors-affecting-aircraft-reciprocating-engine-operation/): To prevent loss of power, all openings to the cylinder must close and seal completely on the compression and power strokes.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Basic Operating Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-basic-operating-principles/): Normal combustion occurs when the fuel/air mixture ignites in the cylinder and burns progressively at a fairly uniform rate across the combustion chamber.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-operation/): The operation of the powerplant is controlled from the cockpit or flight deck.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Installation and Testing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-installation-and-testing/): The procedures and equipment used in determining that an engine is ready for airworthy service and is in excellent mechanical condition, normally requires the use of a test stand, or test cell, although the aircraft can be used.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Dimensional Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-dimensional-inspection/): The dimensional inspection is used to assure that the engine’s component parts and clearances meet the manufacturer’s specifications.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Cleaning Process](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-cleaning-process/): After visually inspecting engine recesses for deposits of metal particles, it is important to clean all engine parts thoroughly to facilitate further inspection.
- [Reciprocating Engine Overhaul: Visual Inspection Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-overhaul-visual-inspection-guide/): Visual inspection should precede all other inspection procedures.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Overhaul Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-overhaul-guide/): Both maintenance and complete engine overhauls are performed normally at specified intervals.
- [Aircraft Switches, Relays and Circuit Protection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-switches-relays-and-circuit-protection/): Electrical system components such as switches, relays, solenoids, and circuit protection devices are essential for controlling and protecting aircraft electrical systems.
- [Wire Installation and Bundle Routing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/wire-installation-and-bundle-routing/): Proper installation and routing of electrical wiring are essential for safe and reliable aircraft operation.
- [Aircraft Autopilot Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-autopilot-systems/): Modern aircraft rely on autopilot systems to enhance stability, accuracy, and efficiency during various phases of flight.
- [Aircraft Gyro Power Systems: Vacuum vs. Electric](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gyro-power-systems-vacuum-vs-electric/): Gyroscopic instruments require reliable power sources to maintain accurate attitude and directional information during flight.
- [Aircraft Magnetic Compasses and Directional Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-magnetic-compasses-and-directional-systems/): Direction indicating instruments provide essential information for aircraft navigation by referencing the earth’s magnetic field and other directional sensing technologies.
- [Aircraft Temperature Measuring Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-temperature-measuring-instruments/): Accurate temperature measurement is essential for monitoring engine performance, environmental conditions, and system operation in aircraft.
- [Aircraft Mechanical Movement Indicators](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-mechanical-movement-indicators/): Mechanical movement indicators provide essential information about engine performance, aircraft motion, and aerodynamic conditions during flight.
- [Aircraft Remote-Indicating and Synchro Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-remote-indicating-and-synchro-systems/): Many aircraft systems use remote sensing and indicating methods to safely and efficiently transmit information from sensors located throughout the airframe to the flight deck displays.
- [Aircraft Fuel System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system/): Aircraft fuel systems are essential to safe and efficient flight operations.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-components/): Aircraft fuel systems consist of numerous components that work together to safely store, control, filter, monitor, and deliver fuel to the engine.
- [Aircraft Fueling and Defueling Procedures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fueling-and-defueling-procedures/): Proper fueling and defueling procedures are essential for safe aircraft operation and fuel system integrity.
- [Aircraft Fuel Contamination and Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-contamination-and-control/): Maintaining aircraft fuel systems in acceptable condition to deliver clean fuel to the engine(s) is a major safety factor in aviation.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Maintenance and Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-maintenance-and-repair/): The integrity of an aircraft fuel system is critical and should not be compromised.
- [Aircraft Lighting Systems and Operations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-lighting-systems-and-operations/): Aircraft lighting systems are essential for safe operation during night flight and low-visibility conditions.
- [Aircraft Engine Removal and Replacement](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-removal-and-replacement/): Procedures for removing or installing an aircraft engine vary widely depending on the type of aircraft, the engine involved, and the specific installation design.
- [Engine Fire Protection System Introduction and Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/engine-fire-protection-system-introduction-and-components/): Because fire is one of the most dangerous threats to an aircraft, the potential fire zones of all multiengine aircraft currently produced are protected by a fixed fire protection system.
- [Aircraft Propeller Fundamentals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-fundamentals/): The propeller, the unit that must absorb the power output of the engine, has passed through many stages of development.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Cooling Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-cooling-systems/): Excessive heat is always undesirable in both reciprocating and turbine aircraft engines.
- [Principles of Aircraft Engine Lubrication](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/principles-of-aircraft-engine-lubrication/): The primary purpose of a lubricant is to reduce friction between moving parts.
- [Aircraft Engine Starting Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-starting-systems/): Most aircraft engines, whether reciprocating or turbine powered, require assistance during the starting process.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Electrical Wire and Cable](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-electrical-wire-and-cable/): The satisfactory performance of any modern aircraft depends to a great degree on the continuing reliability of electrical systems and subsystems.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Ignition Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-ignition-systems/): The basic requirements for reciprocating engine ignition systems are similar, regardless of the type of engine.
- [Principles of Reciprocating Engine Induction Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/principles-of-reciprocating-engine-induction-systems/): The basic induction system of an aircraft reciprocating engine consists of an air scoop used to collect the inlet air and ducting that transfers the air to the inlet filter.
- [Engine Fuel System Requirements and Vapor Lock](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/engine-fuel-system-requirements-and-vapor-lock/): The engine fuel system must supply fuel to the engine’s fuel metering device under all conditions of ground and air operation.
- [Aircraft Engines General Requirements](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engines-general-requirements/): Aircraft require thrust to produce enough speed for the wings to provide lift or enough thrust to overcome the weight of the aircraft for vertical takeoff.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-and-pneumatic-systems/): The word “hydraulics” is derived from the Greek word for water and originally referred to the study of the behavior of water at rest and in motion.
- [Aircraft Aerodynamics, Assembly and Rigging](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-aerodynamics-assembly-and-rigging/): Three major topics directly related to the manufacture, operation, and repair of aircraft are aerodynamics, aircraft assembly, and rigging.
- [Introduction to Aircraft Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/introduction-to-aircraft-structures/): An aircraft is a device that is used for, or is intended to be used for, flight in the air.
- [Aircraft Metal Structural Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-metal-structural-repair/): The satisfactory performance and safety of an aircraft depend on maintaining the structural integrity of the airframe.
- [Aircraft Landing Gear Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-landing-gear-systems/): The landing gear system of the earliest airplanes was extremely simple.
- [Aircraft Fire Protection System Introduction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-protection-system-introduction/): Because fire is one of the most dangerous threats to an aircraft, the potential fire zones of modern multiengine aircraft are protected by a fixed fire protection system.
- [Aircraft Instrument Classifications and Layout](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-instrument-classifications-and-layout/): There are three basic kinds of instruments classified by the job they perform: flight instruments, engine instruments, and navigation instruments.
- [Ohm's Law and Basic Electrical Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ohms-law-and-basic-electrical-principles/): Understanding the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is fundamental to aircraft electrical systems.
- [Fire Prevention in Aircraft Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fire-prevention-in-aircraft-systems/): Leaking fuel, hydraulic, deicing, or lubricating fluids are potential sources of fire in an aircraft and must be identified and corrected during inspection.
- [Helicopter Flight Controls and Swash Plate System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-flight-controls-and-swash-plate-system/): Helicopter flight control systems enable the pilot to control lift, attitude, direction, and engine power throughout all phases of flight.
- [Troubleshooting Guide for Aircraft Propeller Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/troubleshooting-guide-for-aircraft-propeller-systems/): Even with regular maintenance, propeller systems may develop operational problems due to wear, improper adjustments, contamination, or component failure.
- [Turbofan Powerplant QECA Removal](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbofan-powerplant-qeca-removal/): The powerplant may be removed from the aircraft by either of two methods. One method involves lowering the powerplant from the nacelle by using an engine dolly.
- [Installation of Turbofan Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/installation-of-turbofan-engines/): The following procedures are typical of those used to install a turbofan engine using a dolly.
- [Inspection and Replacement of Aircraft Powerplant External Units and Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspection-and-replacement-of-aircraft-powerplant-external-units-and-systems/): The engine nacelle must be cleaned thoroughly before it is inspected. The design of an engine nacelle varies with different aircraft.
- [Turboprop Powerplant Removal and Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turboprop-powerplant-removal-and-installation/): Since most turboprop powerplant removal and installation instructions are developed for QECA, the following procedures reflect those used for a typical QECA.
- [Aerodynamic Forces: Thrust and Drag](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aerodynamic-forces-thrust-and-drag/): An aircraft in flight is constantly influenced by four fundamental aerodynamic forces that determine its performance and motion.
- [Methods of Illustration | Aircraft Drawings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/methods-of-illustration-aircraft-drawings/): Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with lines, angles, figures, and certain assumed properties in space.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine EGT System and Tachometer System Troubleshooting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-egt-system-and-tachometer-system-troubleshooting/): An appropriate analyzer is used to test and troubleshoot the aircraft thermocouple system at the first indication of trouble, or during periodic maintenance checks.
- [LORAN Navigation System and Aircraft RNAV](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/loran-navigation-system-and-aircraft-rnav/): Long Range Navigation (LORAN) is a type of RNAV that is no longer in operation in the United States.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Shutdown](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-shutdown/): On turbine engines that have a thrust reverser, retarding the aircraft throttle to idle or power lever to OFF cuts the fuel supply to the engine and shuts down the engine.
- [Reciprocating Engine Ignition Maintenance and Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-ignition-maintenance-and-inspection/): An aircraft’s ignition system is the result of careful design and thorough testing.
- [Basic Aircraft Fuel System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/basic-aircraft-fuel-system/): The basic components of an aircraft fuel system include fuel tanks, booster pumps, fuel lines, selector valves, strainers, engine-driven pumps, and pressure gauges.
- [Aircraft and Powerplant Cleaning](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-and-powerplant-cleaning/): Cleaning an aircraft and keeping it clean are extremely important. From an AMT's viewpoint, it should be considered a regular part of aircraft maintenance.
- [Equipment Change and Aircraft Alteration | Weight and Balance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/equipment-change-and-aircraft-alteration-weight-and-balance/): When the equipment in an aircraft is changed, such as the installation of a new radar system or ground proximity warning system, or the removal of a radio or seat, the weight and balance of an aircraft changes.
- [Painting Trim and Identification Marks](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/painting-trim-and-identification-marks/): At this point in the project, the entire aircraft has been painted with the base color and all the masking paper and tape carefully removed.
- [Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Repairs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/composite-honeycomb-sandwich-repairs/): A large proportion of current aerospace composite components are lightweight sandwich structures that are susceptible to damage.
- [Corrosion-Prone Areas in Aircraft: Inspection and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/corrosion-prone-areas-in-aircraft-inspection-and-maintenance/): Aircraft structures include several areas that are particularly susceptible to corrosion due to their design, environment, and operational exposure.
- [Repair of Wood Aircraft Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/repair-of-wood-aircraft-components/): Repairs to wooden aircraft structures must restore the original strength, shape, and load-carrying ability of the component.
- [Aircraft Steel Tubing Welding Repairs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-steel-tubing-welding-repairs/): Steel tubing structures used in aircraft fuselages, landing gear, and engine mounts can often be repaired by welding when the damage is minor and confined to a limited area.
- [Equipment and Preparing an Aircraft for Weighing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/equipment-and-preparing-an-aircraft-for-weighing/): Weighing GA aircraft, helicopters, turboprops, corporate jets, UAV/UAS, or transport category airliners can be accomplished in two ways: top of jack load cells and platform scales.
- [Forms of Aircraft Corrosion: Types, Causes, and Effects](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/forms-of-aircraft-corrosion-types-causes-and-effects/): There are many forms of corrosion.
- [Taxiing Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/taxiing-aircraft/): As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft.
- [Aircraft Sheet Metal Forming Tools and Techniques](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-sheet-metal-forming-tools-and-techniques/): Sheet metal forming is a fundamental aircraft maintenance skill used to manufacture and repair structural and nonstructural components.
- [Types of Corrosion in Aircraft: Chemical and Electrochemical](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-corrosion-in-aircraft-chemical-and-electrochemical/): There are two general classifications of corrosion that cover most of the specific forms: direct chemical attack and electrochemical attack.
- [Auxiliary Ignition Systems for Reciprocating Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/auxiliary-ignition-systems-for-reciprocating-engines/): Auxiliary ignition units are used to improve ignition during reciprocating engine starting, when low cranking speed may prevent a magneto from producing sufficient voltage for reliable spark plug firing.
- [Helicopter Stability Systems and Blade Tracking](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-stability-systems-and-blade-tracking/): Helicopter stability and rotor-system maintenance are essential to safe and efficient flight operations.
- [Factors Affecting Aircraft Corrosion](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/factors-affecting-aircraft-corrosion/): Corrosion in aircraft structures is influenced by a wide range of environmental, material, and operational factors.
- [Aircraft Sheet Metal Layout and Forming](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-sheet-metal-layout-and-forming/): The following terms are commonly used in sheet metal forming and flat pattern layout.
- [Aircraft Towing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-towing/): Movement of large aircraft about the airport, flight line, and hangar is usually accomplished by towing with a tow tractor (sometimes called a “tug”).
- [Aircraft Special Purpose Fasteners](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-special-purpose-fasteners/): Special purpose fasteners are designed for applications in which fastener strength, ease of installation, or temperature properties of the fastener require consideration.
- [Solid Shank Rivet](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/solid-shank-rivet/): Structural fasteners, used to join sheet metal structures securely, come in thousands of shapes and sizes with many of them specialized and specific to certain aircraft.
- [Rivet Installation Tools for Aircraft Structure Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/rivet-installation-tools-for-aircraft-structure-repair/): A variety of hand tools are used in the normal course of driving and upsetting rivets.
- [Aircraft Electronic Flight Information Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electronic-flight-information-systems/): In an effort to increase the safety of operating complicated aircraft, computers and computer systems have been incorporated.
- [Aircraft Instrument Installation and Markings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-instrument-installation-and-markings/): Aircraft instruments require proper housing, installation, and handling to ensure accurate operation and reliability.
- [Helicopter Emergencies - System Malfunctions](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-emergencies-system-malfunctions/): The reliability and dependability record of modern helicopters is very impressive.
- [Aircraft Control Surface Assembly and Rebalancing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-control-surface-assembly-and-rebalancing/): Airplane assembly and rigging involve the installation, alignment, adjustment, and inspection of aircraft structures and flight control systems to ensure proper operation and airworthiness.
- [Aircraft Tie Down Procedures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-tie-down-procedures/): Aircraft are to be tied down after each flight to prevent damage from sudden storms.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Lubrication Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-lubrication-systems/): Aircraft reciprocating engine pressure lubrication systems can be divided into two basic classifications: wet sump and dry sump.
- [Inspecting Wooden Aircraft Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspecting-wooden-aircraft-structures/): Wooden aircraft structures require careful inspection because deterioration can occur internally long before it becomes visible on the surface.
- [The Legacy of Wooden Aircraft Construction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/the-legacy-of-wooden-aircraft-construction/): Before aluminum and composite materials became standard in aircraft construction, wood was one of the most important structural materials used in aviation.
- [Effect of Wing Planform - Aerodynamics of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/effect-of-wing-planform-aerodynamics-of-flight/): Understanding the effects of different wing planforms is important when learning about wing performance and airplane flight characteristics.
- [The Dirty Dozen in Aviation Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/the-dirty-dozen-in-aviation-maintenance/): Due to a large number of maintenance-related aviation accidents and incidents in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Transport Canada identified twelve human factors that can degrade a technician’s ability to perform safely and effectively.
- [Human Error in Aviation Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/human-error-in-aviation-maintenance/): Human error is defined as a human action with unintended consequences.
- [PEAR Model in Aviation Maintenance Human Factors](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pear-model-in-aviation-maintenance-human-factors/): The PEAR model is a practical framework used in aviation maintenance human factors to identify and evaluate the key elements that influence human performance and safety.
- [History of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/history-of-human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/): The development of human factors has evolved over centuries, shaped by advances in science, engineering, and aviation.
- [Introduction to Aviation Human Factors](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/introduction-to-aviation-human-factors/): The FAA has had a formal involvement in this issue since 1988.
- [Helicopter Aerodynamics of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-aerodynamics-of-flight/): Once a helicopter leaves the ground, it is acted upon by the four aerodynamic forces.
- [Helicopter Emergencies Autorotation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-emergencies-autorotation/): In a helicopter, an autorotation is a descending maneuver where the engine is disengaged from the main rotor system and the rotor blades are driven solely by the upward flow of air through the rotor.
- [Hole Drilling in Aircraft Sheet Metal Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/hole-drilling-in-aircraft-sheet-metal-repair/): Hole drilling is one of the most common operations in aircraft sheet metal repair and structural maintenance.
- [Aircraft Structural Stresses and Load Distribution](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-structural-stresses-and-load-distribution/): An aircraft structure must be designed so that it accepts all of the stresses imposed upon it by the flight and ground loads without any permanent deformation.
- [Aircraft Deicing Boot System Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-deicing-boot-system-components/): Aircraft deicing boot systems rely on a combination of mechanical and pneumatic components to ensure proper operation and effective ice removal.
- [Helicopter, Weight-Shift Control and Large Airplanes Weight and Balance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-weight-shift-control-and-large-airplanes-weight-and-balance/): All the terminology and concepts that apply to airplane weight and balance also apply generally to helicopter weight and balance.
- [Aircraft Metallic Structural Repair Methods](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-metallic-structural-repair-methods/): Repairs to aircraft structures vary depending on the location and extent of the damage.
- [Repairability of Aircraft Sheet Metal Structure](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/repairability-of-aircraft-sheet-metal-structure/): Type of damage.
- [Aircraft Sheet Metal Hand Forming Techniques](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-sheet-metal-hand-forming-techniques/): All hand forming revolves around the processes of stretching and shrinking metal.
- [Making Straight Line Bends](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/making-straight-line-bends/): When forming straight bends, the thickness of the material, its alloy composition, and its temper condition must be considered.
- [Aircraft Metal Forming Process and Forming Operations and Terms](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-metal-forming-process-and-forming-operations-and-terms/): Before a part is attached to the aircraft during either manufacture or repair, it has to be shaped to fit into place.
- [Basic Principles of Aircraft Sheet Metal Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/basic-principles-of-aircraft-sheet-metal-repair/): Aircraft structural members are designed to perform a specific function or to serve a definite purpose.
- [Aircraft DC Generator Principles and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-dc-generator-principles-and-maintenance/): DC generators transform mechanical energy into electrical energy.
- [Generator Control Units and Voltage Regulation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/generator-control-units-and-voltage-regulation/): Generator control systems regulate output voltage, protect electrical components, and ensure reliable operation under varying flight conditions.
- [Aircraft DC Alternators and Control Units](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-dc-alternators-and-control-units/): DC alternators are widely used in modern light aircraft due to their efficiency, reliability, and reduced maintenance requirements.
- [Aircraft AC Alternator Drive and Control Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ac-alternator-drive-and-control-systems/): Aircraft AC power systems rely on constant-speed drives and advanced control systems to maintain stable voltage and frequency.
- [Aircraft AC Power Systems and Alternators](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ac-power-systems-and-alternators/): Aircraft power systems use both AC and DC electrical sources to supply various onboard systems.
- [Aircraft Wiring Installation and Diagrams](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wiring-installation-and-diagrams/): Proper installation and selection of aircraft wiring are critical to ensure system reliability, safety, and resistance to environmental conditions.
- [Aircraft Electrical Wire Size Selection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electrical-wire-size-selection/): Proper wire size selection is essential in aircraft electrical systems to ensure safe operation, prevent overheating, and maintain acceptable voltage levels.
- [Aircraft Wire Identification and Marking](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wire-identification-and-marking/): The proper identification of electrical wires and cables with their circuits and voltages is necessary to ensure safe operation, protect maintenance personnel, and simplify maintenance.
- [Wire Termination and Connector Standards](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/wire-termination-and-connector-standards/): Proper wire termination and connection are essential for maintaining reliable electrical systems in aircraft.
- [Aircraft Battery Maintenance and Servicing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-battery-maintenance-and-servicing/): Proper maintenance of aircraft batteries is essential to ensure reliable electrical system performance and safe operation.
- [Multiengine Aircraft Electrical Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/multiengine-aircraft-electrical-systems/): Multiengine aircraft electrical systems are designed with redundancy and reliability in mind.
- [Types of Aviation Fuel](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-aviation-fuel/): Each aircraft engine is designed to burn a certain fuel. Use only the fuel specified by the manufacturer. Mixing fuels is not permitted.
- [Aircraft Fuel Indicators and Warning Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-indicators-and-warning-systems/): Aircraft fuel systems use a variety of indicators and warning devices to provide the flight crew with information about fuel quantity, flow, pressure, temperature, and system status.
- [Aircraft Fuel Filtration and Strainers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-filtration-and-strainers/): All aircraft fuel systems have filters and strainers to ensure that the fuel delivered to the engine(s) is free from contaminants.
- [Aircraft Fuel Pump Types and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-pump-types-and-operation/): Aircraft fuel pumps are used to deliver fuel from the tanks to the engine under the pressure and flow conditions required for safe operation.
- [Aircraft Fuel Valve Types and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-valve-types-and-operation/): Aircraft fuel valves are used to control, route, or shut off fuel flow within the aircraft fuel system.
- [Aircraft Fuel Tank Types and Construction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-tank-types-and-construction/): Aircraft fuel tanks are designed to safely store fuel and supply it to the aircraft fuel system under all operating conditions.
- [Aircraft Pneumatic Systems and Emergency Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-pneumatic-systems-and-emergency-operation/): Aircraft pneumatic systems use compressed air or gas to transmit power and operate various aircraft systems.
- [Aircraft Fire Extinguisher System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-extinguisher-system-maintenance/): Regular maintenance of fire extinguisher systems typically includes such items as the inspection and servicing of fire extinguisher bottles (containers), removal and reinstallation of cartridge and discharge valves, testing of discharge tubing for leakage, and electrical wiring continuity tests.
- [Aircraft Fire Detection System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-detection-system-maintenance/): Because fire detection systems operate in high-temperature, high-vibration areas around engines and other fire zones, they require frequent inspection and careful maintenance.
- [Aircraft Lavatory Smoke Detection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-lavatory-smoke-detection-systems/): Lavatories are enclosed areas where smoke or fire can develop without being noticed immediately by the flight crew.
- [Aircraft Cargo Compartment Fire Detection and Extinguishing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cargo-compartment-fire-detection-and-extinguishing/): Cargo and baggage compartments require specialized fire detection and suppression systems because these areas are normally inaccessible during flight.
- [Installed Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/installed-aircraft-fire-extinguishing-systems/): Unlike portable hand-held extinguishers used in the cabin or flight deck, installed fire extinguishing systems are permanently built into the aircraft and automatically or manually discharge an extinguishing agent into protected fire zones.
- [Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Agents and Portable Fire Extinguishers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-extinguishing-agents-and-portable-fire-extinguishers/): Once a fire has been detected, the correct extinguishing agent must be applied quickly to prevent the fire from spreading and to minimize damage to the aircraft.
- [Aircraft Smoke, Flame, and Carbon Monoxide Detection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-smoke-flame-and-carbon-monoxide-detection-systems/): Smoke, flame, and carbon monoxide detection systems play a vital role in aircraft fire protection and occupant safety.
- [Aircraft Fire Detection and Overheat Warning Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-detection-and-overheat-warning-systems/): Aircraft fire detection and overheat warning systems are critical components of overall aircraft fire protection.
- [Light Aircraft Electrical Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/light-aircraft-electrical-systems/): Light aircraft electrical systems are designed to provide reliable power with minimal complexity.
- [Aircraft Batteries](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-batteries/): Aircraft batteries are critical components of the electrical system, providing power for engine starting, emergency operation, and stabilization of the electrical bus.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Cylinder Removal and Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-cylinder-removal-and-installation/): Since these instructions are meant to cover all air-cooled engines, they are of a very general nature.
- [Aircraft Pressure-Sensing Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-pressure-sensing-instruments/): A number of instruments inform the pilot of the aircraft’s condition and flight situations through the measurement of pressure.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Terminology](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-terminology/): The datum is an imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal measurements are taken for balance purposes, with the aircraft in level flight attitude.
- [Aircraft Design Characteristics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-design-characteristics/): Each aircraft handles somewhat differently because each resists or responds to control pressures in its own way.
- [High Speed Flight | Aerodynamics of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/high-speed-flight-aerodynamics-of-flight/): In subsonic aerodynamics, the theory of lift is based upon the forces generated on a body and a moving gas (air) in which it is immersed.
- [Forces Acting on the Aircraft | Aerodynamics of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/forces-acting-on-the-aircraft-aerodynamics-of-flight/): Thrust, drag, lift, and weight are forces that act upon all aircraft in flight.
- [Pressurized Aircraft and Decompression](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pressurized-aircraft-and-decompression/): Aircraft are flown at high altitudes for two reasons.
- [History of Avionics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/history-of-avionics/): The history of avionics is the history of the use of electronics in aviation. Both military and civil aviation requirements contributed to the development.
- [Aviation Radio Theory and Antennas](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-radio-theory-and-antennas/): Much of aviation communication and navigation is accomplished through the use of radio waves.
- [Aircraft Radio Navigation Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-radio-navigation-systems/): In the early years of aviation, pilots depended mainly on a compass, a map, and dead reckoning for navigation.
- [Global Positioning System (GPS)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/global-positioning-system-gps/): Global positioning system (GPS) navigation is the fastest growing type of navigation in aviation.
- [Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/emergency-locator-transmitters-elt/): An emergency locator transmitter (ELT) is an independent battery-powered transmitter activated by excessive G-forces experienced during a crash.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter A](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-a/): Aborted takeoff. A takeoff that is terminated prematurely when it is determined that some condition exists that makes takeoff or further flight dangerous.
- [Reciprocating Engine Fuel Metering and Mixture Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-fuel-metering-and-mixture-control/): Understanding how an aircraft reciprocating engine manages its fuel and air intake is essential for maximizing efficiency, ensuring safety, and preventing engine damage.
- [Basic Aircraft Fuel System Requirements](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/basic-aircraft-fuel-system-requirements/): All powered aircraft require fuel on board to operate the engine(s).
- [Aircraft Carburetor Types and Carburetor Icing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-carburetor-types-and-carburetor-icing/): Aircraft reciprocating engines primarily use either float-type or pressure-type carburetors.
- [Turbine Engine Electric and Starter Generator Starting System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-electric-and-starter-generator-starting-system/): Electric starting systems for gas turbine aircraft are of two general types: direct cranking electrical systems and starter generator systems.
- [Aircraft Propeller Auxiliary Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-auxiliary-systems/): Propeller auxiliary systems improve the safety, reliability, and operational efficiency of aircraft propellers in various flight conditions.
- [Constant-Speed Propellers: Operation and Feathering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/constant-speed-propellers-operation-and-feathering/): Constant-speed propellers automatically adjust blade pitch to maintain a selected engine rpm despite changes in airspeed, power setting, or flight conditions.
- [Aircraft Propeller Inspection and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-inspection-and-maintenance/): Propeller inspection and maintenance are essential for ensuring aircraft safety, performance, and reliability.
- [Aircraft Propeller Reduction Gearing and Propeller Shafts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-reduction-gearing-and-propeller-shafts/): In aircraft engines, propellers must rotate at speeds that provide maximum efficiency while avoiding excessive tip speeds that reduce performance and create noise or vibration.
- [Aircraft Drawing Data](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-drawing-data/): Revisions to a drawing are necessitated by changes in dimensions, design, or materials.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Turbine Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-turbine-section/): The turbine transforms a portion of the kinetic (velocity) energy of the exhaust gases into mechanical energy to drive the gas generator compressor and accessories.
- [Types of Aircraft Reciprocating Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-aircraft-reciprocating-engines/): Aircraft engines may be classified in several ways, including by operating cycle, cylinder arrangement, or method of thrust production.
- [Aircraft Engine Fire Detection Systems and Fire Zones](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-fire-detection-systems-and-fire-zones/): Several different types of fire detection system are installed in aircraft to detect engine fires.
- [Reciprocating Engine Valve Operating Mechanism](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-valve-operating-mechanism/): In reciprocating aircraft engines, precise valve timing is essential for efficient combustion, power delivery, and temperature control.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Compressor Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-compressor-section/): The compressor section of the gas turbine engine has many functions.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Supercharging Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-supercharging-systems/): For aircraft operating at higher altitudes, managing the intake air-fuel density is critical to achieving sustained engine performance.
- [Types of Aircraft Propellers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-aircraft-propellers/): There are various types or classes of propellers, the simplest of which are the fixed-pitch and ground-adjustable propellers.
- [Hamilton Standard Hydromatic Propeller System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/hamilton-standard-hydromatic-propeller-system/): The Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller is a classic mechanical-hydraulic design widely used on legacy cargo aircraft and radial engines.
- [Gas Turbine Engine Combustion Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-turbine-engine-combustion-section/): The combustion section houses the combustion process, which raises the temperature of the air passing through the engine.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Bearings and Seals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-bearings-and-seals/): The bearing and sealing system of a gas turbine engine is essential for maintaining rotor stability, controlling lubrication, and preventing oil contamination of the airflow.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Starters](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-starters/): Gas turbine engines are started by rotating the high-pressure compressor.
- [Aircraft Engine Thrust Reverser Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-thrust-reverser-systems/): Thrust reversers help reduce an aircraft’s landing distance by redirecting engine thrust to oppose the aircraft’s forward motion after touchdown.
- [Types of Light-Sport and Experimental Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-light-sport-and-experimental-aircraft-engines/): Light-sport/ultralight aircraft engines can be classified by several methods, such as by operating cycles, cylinder arrangement, and air or water cooled.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Inlet Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-inlet-systems/): Turbine engine inlet systems direct the correct quantity of clean, uniform airflow to the engine compressor under a wide range of operating conditions.
- [Aircraft Fuel-Injection Systems: Bendix and Continental](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-injection-systems-bendix-and-continental/): Fuel-injection systems provide more precise fuel metering and distribution than conventional carburetors.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Bonding and Grounding](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-bonding-and-grounding/): Aircraft powerplant electrical systems depend on effective bonding and grounding to ensure safe and reliable operation.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Seals, Packings, and Gaskets](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-seals-packings-and-gaskets/): Hydraulic seals are essential components in aircraft hydraulic systems because they prevent fluid leakage, keep contaminants out of the system, and maintain pressure within pumps, valves, actuators, and fittings.
- [Aircraft Carburetor Systems and Their Functions](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-carburetor-systems-and-their-functions/): Aircraft carburetors use several interconnected systems to provide the correct air-fuel mixture under all operating conditions.
- [Gas Turbine Engine Wet Sump Lubrication System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-turbine-engine-wet-sump-lubrication-system/): In some engines, the lubrication system is the wet-sump type. There are relatively few engines using a wet-sump type of oil system.
- [Loading an Aircraft for Flight | Weight and Balance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/loading-an-aircraft-for-flight-weight-and-balance/): The ultimate test of whether there is a problem with an airplane’s weight and balance is when it is loaded and ready to fly.
- [Turboprop Engines and Propeller Control Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turboprop-engines-and-propeller-control-systems/): Turboprop engines combine a gas turbine engine with a propeller to provide efficient propulsion for a wide range of aircraft.
- [Aircraft Engine Mounts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-mounts/): Most aircraft equipped with reciprocating engines use an engine mount structure made of welded steel tubing.
- [Aircraft Magneto Ignition System Operating Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-magneto-ignition-system-operating-principles/): The magneto, a special type of engine-driven alternating current (AC) generator, uses a permanent magnet as a source of energy.
- [History and Evolution of Aircraft Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/history-and-evolution-of-aircraft-structures/): The history of aircraft structures underlies the history of aviation in general.
- [Aircraft Structural Stresses: Major Types and Impacts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-structural-stresses-major-types-and-impacts/): All aircraft structures are subjected to forces during flight, landing, taxiing, and ground operations.
- [Aircraft Fuselage Structure and Design](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuselage-structure-and-design/): The fuselage is the primary structural body of an aircraft and serves as the central attachment point for major components such as the wings, empennage, landing gear, and powerplant.
- [Helicopter Structures: Fuselage, Rotors, and Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-structures-fuselage-rotors-and-systems/): Helicopter structures are designed to provide the unique flight characteristics that distinguish rotary-wing aircraft from fixed-wing aircraft.
- [Reciprocating Engine Firing Order](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-firing-order/): In modern aircraft engines, the firing order determines the sequence in which each cylinder ignites, directly affecting engine smoothness, power delivery, and vibration control.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Power Transfer Units (PTUs)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-power-transfer-units-ptus/): A power transfer unit (PTU) is used in some aircraft hydraulic systems to transfer hydraulic power from one hydraulic system to another without mixing the hydraulic fluid between the systems.
- [Types of Aircraft Hydraulic Fluids and Compatibility](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-aircraft-hydraulic-fluids-and-compatibility/): To assure proper system operation and to avoid damage to nonmetallic components of the hydraulic system, the correct fluid must be used.
- [Aircraft Metal Corrosion: Detection and Treatment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-metal-corrosion-detection-and-treatment/): Corrosion of aircraft metals is a critical maintenance concern that directly affects structural integrity, safety, and service life.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Design and Certification](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-design-and-certification/): Each fuel tank must be able to withstand, without failure, the vibration, inertia, fluid, and structural loads to which it may be subjected in operation.
- [Aircraft Empennage: Structure and Configurations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-empennage-structure-and-configurations/): The empennage, commonly known as the tail section, is the rear assembly of an aircraft that provides stability and control during flight.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic System Reservoirs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-system-reservoirs/): The reservoir is a tank in which an adequate supply of fluid for the system is stored.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Fuel System Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-fuel-system-components/): A turbine engine fuel system relies on several components to supply clean, pressurized fuel to the combustion chamber.
- [Aircraft Propeller Static and Dynamic Balancing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-static-and-dynamic-balancing/): Proper propeller balancing is essential for minimizing vibration, improving engine smoothness, and extending the service life of both the propeller and aircraft components.
- [Aircraft Wheel Construction and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wheel-construction-and-maintenance/): Aircraft wheels are an important component of a landing gear system.
- [Aircraft Tires and Tubes](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-tires-and-tubes/): Aircraft tires may be tube-type or tubeless.
- [Secondary and Auxiliary Flight Control Surfaces](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/secondary-and-auxiliary-flight-control-surfaces/): Secondary or auxiliary flight control surfaces are devices used to improve aircraft performance, control, and handling characteristics during various phases of flight.
- [Aircraft Maintenance and Location Numbering Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-maintenance-and-location-numbering-systems/): Proper aircraft maintenance is essential to ensure continued airworthiness, reliability, and flight safety.
- [Aircraft Rigging and Control System Alignment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rigging-and-control-system-alignment/): Aircraft rigging is the process of adjusting, aligning, and securing aircraft structures and control systems to ensure proper operation and airworthiness.
- [Propeller Aerodynamics and Operating Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/propeller-aerodynamics-and-operating-principles/): Understanding the aerodynamic principles of propeller operation is essential for aircraft maintenance technicians.
- [Cutting and Stripping Wire and Cable](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/cutting-and-stripping-wire-and-cable/): Proper wire and cable preparation is essential when maintaining engine ignition and electrical systems.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Wire Lacing and Tying](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-wire-lacing-and-tying/): Aircraft powerplant electrical systems rely on properly secured wire groups and bundles to ensure reliable operation under vibration, heat, and other operating conditions.
- [Aircraft Wing Construction and Nacelle Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wing-construction-and-nacelle-systems/): Aircraft wings are the primary lifting surfaces of an aircraft and are designed to provide the strength, stability, and aerodynamic characteristics required for flight.
- [Primary and Dual-Purpose Flight Control Surfaces](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/primary-and-dual-purpose-flight-control-surfaces/): Flight control surfaces are aerodynamic devices that enable a pilot to control an aircraft's attitude and direction during flight.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Configurations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-configurations/): While each manufacturer designs its own fuel system, the basic fuel system requirements referenced in the Basic Fuel System Requirements section yield fuel systems of similar design and function in the field.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Starting Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-starting-systems/): In the early stages of aircraft development, relatively low powered reciprocating engines were started by pulling the propeller through a part of a revolution by hand.
- [Float-Type Carburetors and Fuel Metering Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/float-type-carburetors-and-fuel-metering-systems/): Float-type carburetors are among the most widely used fuel metering devices on reciprocating aircraft engines.
- [Air Turbine Starters | Aircraft Engine Starting System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/air-turbine-starters-aircraft-engine-starting-system/): Air turbine starters are designed to provide high starting torque from a small, lightweight source.
- [Open- and Closed-Center Aircraft Hydraulic Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/open-and-closed-center-aircraft-hydraulic-systems/): Regardless of its function and design, every hydraulic system has a minimum number of basic components in addition to a means through which the fluid is transmitted.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic System Accumulators](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-system-accumulators/): Hydraulic accumulators are used in aircraft hydraulic systems to store hydraulic energy, smooth pressure fluctuations, and provide an emergency source of hydraulic power.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Pumps and Their Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-pumps-and-their-operation/): Hydraulic pumps are the heart of an aircraft hydraulic system because they provide the force needed to move fluid throughout the system.
- [Properties and Characteristics of Hydraulic Fluids](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/properties-and-characteristics-of-hydraulic-fluids/): Hydraulic fluid is essential for transmitting force, lubricating components, sealing moving parts, and protecting hydraulic systems from wear, corrosion, and overheating.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Valve Types and Functions](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-valve-types-and-functions/): Hydraulic valves are used throughout aircraft hydraulic systems to control the direction, pressure, and rate of fluid flow.
- [Reciprocating Engine Valves Types and Construction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-valves-types-and-construction/): In reciprocating aircraft engines, valves play a critical role in controlling combustion timing, engine breathing, and temperature management.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Crankshafts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-crankshafts/): The crankshaft is one of the most important parts of a reciprocating aircraft engine.
- [Reciprocating Engine Operating Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-operating-principles/): The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases are the basic principles of engine operation.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-design-and-construction/): Aircraft reciprocating engines are internal combustion engines that convert the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy through a series of controlled explosions within cylinders.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Lubrication Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-lubrication-systems/): Both wet and dry sump lubrication systems are used in gas turbine engines.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Lubrication System Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-lubrication-system-components/): The following component descriptions include most found in the various turbine lubrication systems.
- [Gas Turbine Engine Oil System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-turbine-engine-oil-system-maintenance/): Maintenance of gas turbine lubrication systems consists mainly of adjusting, removing, cleaning, and replacing various components.
- [Recommendations for Changing Aircraft Engine Oil](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/recommendations-for-changing-aircraft-engine-oil/): Oil, in service, is constantly exposed to many harmful substances that reduce its ability to protect moving parts.
- [Requirements for Aircraft Turbine Engine Lubricants](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/requirements-for-aircraft-turbine-engine-lubricants/): There are many requirements for turbine engine lubricating oils.
- [Preparation of Aircraft Engine for Ground and Flight Testing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preparation-of-aircraft-engine-for-ground-and-flight-testing/): Before the new engine is flight tested, it must undergo a thorough ground check.
- [Aircraft Engine Spark Plug Inspection and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-spark-plug-inspection-and-maintenance/): Proper inspection and maintenance of spark plugs and ignition system components are essential for reliable engine operation and maximum ignition system performance.
- [Reciprocating Engine Operating Cycles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-operating-cycles/): Understanding the operating cycles of aircraft engines is fundamental to aviation maintenance, engineering, and pilot knowledge.
- [Common Aircraft Paint Troubles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/common-aircraft-paint-troubles/): Common problems that may occur during the painting of almost any project but are particularly noticeable and troublesome on the surfaces of an aircraft include poor adhesion, blushing, pinholes, sags and/or runs, “orange peel,” fisheyes, sanding scratches, wrinkling, and spray dust.
- [Preparing Aircraft Wood for Gluing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preparing-aircraft-wood-for-gluing/): The strength of a wooden aircraft repair depends largely on the quality of the glue joint.
- [Lines and Drawing Symbols | Aircraft Drawings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/lines-and-drawing-symbols-aircraft-drawings/): Every drawing is composed of lines. Lines mark the boundaries, edges, and intersection of surfaces.
- [Aircraft Composite Repairs and Layup Techniques](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-composite-repairs-and-layup-techniques/): Composite repairs involve specialized procedures used to restore damaged composite aircraft structures.
- [Composite Aircraft Repair Materials and Tools](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/composite-aircraft-repair-materials-and-tools/): Composite aircraft repairs require specialized materials, tools, and curing equipment to ensure proper bonding and structural integrity.
- [Aircraft Welding Processes and Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-welding-processes-and-types/): Several welding processes are used in aircraft manufacturing and repair.
- [Aircraft Drawings Types, Computer Graphics, Purpose, Care and Use](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-drawings-types-computer-graphics-purpose-care-and-use/): From the early days of aviation, development of aircraft, aircraft engines, and other components relied heavily on aircraft drawings.
- [Aircraft Corrosion Removal and Surface Treatment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-corrosion-removal-and-surface-treatment/): In general, any complete corrosion treatment involves cleaning and stripping of the corroded area, removing as much of the corrosion products as practicable, neutralizing any residual materials remaining in pits and crevices, restoring protective surface films, and applying temporary or permanent coatings or paint finishes.
- [Procedures for Weighing an Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/procedures-for-weighing-an-aircraft/): The most important reason for weighing an aircraft is to find out its empty weight (basic empty weight) and to find out where it balances in the empty weight condition.
- [Plywood Skin Repair Standards](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/plywood-skin-repair-standards/): Plywood skin repairs must restore both the strength and aerodynamic smoothness of the aircraft surface.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Efficiencies](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-efficiencies/): Any study of engines and power involves consideration of heat as the source of power.
- [Paint System Compatibility](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/paint-system-compatibility/): The use of several different types of paint, coupled with several proprietary coatings, makes repair of damaged and deteriorated areas particularly difficult.
- [Fasteners for Aircraft Composite Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fasteners-for-aircraft-composite-structures/): Composite aircraft structures require specialized fastening systems that provide high strength while minimizing damage to the laminate.
- [Reciprocating Engine Power and Efficiencies](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-power-and-efficiencies/): All aircraft engines are rated according to their ability to do work and produce power.
- [Aircraft Engine Structural Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-structural-inspection/): One of the best methods to double check your visual inspection findings is to supplement them with one of the forms of nondestructive testing, such as magnetic particle inspect, dye penetrate inspection, eddy current, ultrasound, and x-ray.
- [Aircraft Fabric Maintenance: Repair, Rejuvenate, or Re-cover?](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fabric-maintenance-repair-rejuvenate-or-re-cover/): When damage is found in an aircraft fabric covering, the technician must decide whether the affected area can be repaired or whether the entire covering should be replaced.
- [Open and Closed Bends](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/open-and-closed-bends/): Open and closed bends present unique problems that require more calculations than 90° bends.
- [Reciprocating Engine Reassembly](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-reassembly/): Before starting reassembly, all serviceable and new engine components need to be cleaned, organized, and laid out in the order they are to be assembled.
- [Aircraft Propeller Check](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-check/): The propeller, if equipped, must be checked before, during, and after the engine has been ground operated.
- [Checks and Adjustments After Aircraft Engine Runup and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/checks-and-adjustments-after-aircraft-engine-runup-and-operation/): After the engine has been ground operated, and again after flight test, operational factors must be adjusted, as necessary, and the entire installation given a thorough visual inspection.
- [Inspection of Stored Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspection-of-stored-aircraft-engines/): Most maintenance shops provide a scheduled inspection system for engines in storage.
- [Removal of an Opposed Type Aircraft Engine](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/removal-of-an-opposed-type-aircraft-engine/): The previous general information related to the removal, buildup, inspection, preservation, storage, and installation of engines is in most instances applicable to horizontally opposed aircraft engines.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Ratings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-ratings/): The flat rating of a turbine engine is the thrust performance that is guaranteed by the manufacturer for a new engine under specific operating conditions, such as takeoff, maximum continuous climb, and cruise power settings.
- [Reading and Interpreting Aircraft Drawings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reading-and-interpreting-aircraft-drawings/): Aircraft technicians do not necessarily need to be accomplished in making drawings.
- [Installation of Horizontally Opposed Type Aircraft Engine](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/installation-of-horizontally-opposed-type-aircraft-engine/): The following procedure is typical of those used for installing a horizontally opposed engine after the accessories are mounted on the engine.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Electrical Installation Practices](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-electrical-installation-practices/): Aircraft powerplant electrical systems require properly installed electrical components to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient operation.
- [Turbine Engine Ignition System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-ignition-system-maintenance/): Maintenance of a typical turbine engine ignition system consists primarily of inspection, testing, troubleshooting, removal, and installation of ignition system components.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Terminal Lug Connections](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-terminal-lug-connections/): Reliable electrical connections are essential for the safe operation of aircraft powerplant electrical systems.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Spark Plugs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-spark-plugs/): The function of a spark plug in an ignition system is to conduct a short impulse of high-voltage current through the combustion chamber wall.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Accessory Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-accessory-section/): The accessory section of a gas turbine engine performs several essential functions.
- [Reciprocating Engine Bearings Types and Functions](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-bearings-types-and-functions/): In reciprocating aircraft engines, bearings support rotating components while minimizing friction, wear, and power loss.
- [Identification of Aircraft Paints](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/identification-of-aircraft-paints/): When fabric-covered aircraft ruled the sky, dope was the standard finish used to protect and color the fabric.
- [Arc Welding Procedures, Techniques, and Safety](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/arc-welding-procedures-techniques-and-safety/): Arc welding is widely used for aircraft structural repair because it can produce strong, permanent joints in steel components.
- [Reciprocating Engine Magneto Ignition Timing Devices](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-magneto-ignition-timing-devices/): Accurate magneto-to-engine timing is essential for proper ignition system operation and engine performance.
- [Tractor and Pusher Propeller Configurations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/tractor-and-pusher-propeller-configurations/): Aircraft propellers can be classified according to their position relative to the engine and airframe.
- [Reciprocating Engine Piston Ring Construction and Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-engine-piston-ring-construction-and-types/): In modern aircraft engines, piston rings are critical for sealing combustion gases, controlling oil consumption, and maintaining engine efficiency.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Performance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-performance/): Thermal efficiency is a prime factor in gas turbine performance.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Pistons](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-pistons/): In modern reciprocating aircraft engines, the piston is a critical component that converts combustion pressure into mechanical motion.
- [Composite Nondestructive Inspection (NDI) Methods](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/composite-nondestructive-inspection-ndi-methods/): Nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods are used to detect damage and defects in composite structures without causing harm to the component.
- [FAA-Approved Aircraft Fabric Covering Processes](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/faa-approved-aircraft-fabric-covering-processes/): Several FAA-approved processes are available for installing and finishing polyester aircraft fabric coverings.
- [Cotton Fabric and Fiberglass Aircraft Coverings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/cotton-fabric-and-fiberglass-aircraft-coverings/): Although most aircraft fabric covering work today involves polyester materials, some older aircraft still retain original cotton coverings, and fiberglass components are commonly found on certain aircraft structures.
- [Jet Airplanes Thrust Reversers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/jet-airplanes-thrust-reversers/): Jet airplanes have high kinetic energy during the landing roll because of weight and speed.
- [Aviation Glossary](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary/): The glossary of terms, acronyms, and definitions used in the aviation industry.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Inlet Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-inlet-types/): The air entrance is designed to conduct incoming air to the compressor with a minimum energy loss resulting from drag or ram pressure loss; that is, the flow of air into the compressor should be free of turbulence to achieve maximum operating efficiency.
- [Pressure System | Gas Turbine Engine Lubrication](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pressure-system-gas-turbine-engine-lubrication/): The oil pressure branch of the engine lubrication system is pressurized by a gear-type pressure pump located in the oil pump and accessory drive housing.
- [Aircraft APU Powerplant Removal and Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-apu-powerplant-removal-and-installation/)
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-exhaust-maintenance/): Aircraft reciprocating engine exhaust systems are exposed to extreme temperatures, vibration, and corrosive exhaust gases during operation.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Wire Splicing Repairs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-wire-splicing-repairs/): Broken copper wires can be temporarily repaired using crimped splices, terminal lugs with the tongue removed, or by soldering and potting the broken conductors.
- [APU Fire Detection and Extinguishing System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/apu-fire-detection-and-extinguishing-system/): The APU fire protection system is similar in design to engine fire protection systems, but there are some differences.
- [High-Speed Aerodynamics and Compressibility](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/high-speed-aerodynamics-and-compressibility/): Aircraft operating at high speeds encounter aerodynamic effects that differ significantly from those experienced at lower speeds.
- [Advanced Wing Aerodynamic Features](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/advanced-wing-aerodynamic-features/): In addition to primary structural and control components, aircraft wings often incorporate aerodynamic devices designed to improve performance, handling, and efficiency.
- [Aircraft Primary Flight Control Surfaces](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-primary-flight-control-surfaces/): The primary flight controls consist of the ailerons, elevator, and rudder, which provide the aerodynamic forces necessary to control an aircraft about its three axes and direct it along a desired flight path.
- [Aircraft Center of Gravity and Three Axes of Rotation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-center-of-gravity-and-three-axes-of-rotation/): The center of gravity (CG) is one of the most important factors affecting aircraft stability and control.
- [Aerodynamics and the Laws of Physics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aerodynamics-and-the-laws-of-physics/): Aerodynamics is the study of how air interacts with objects in motion, particularly aircraft.
- [Rotary-Wing Aircraft Configurations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/rotary-wing-aircraft-configurations/): Rotary-wing aircraft use rotating airfoils to generate lift and can operate in ways that differ significantly from fixed-wing aircraft.
- [Aircraft Trim Controls and Tab Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-trim-controls-and-tab-systems/): Trim controls include trim tabs, servo tabs, balance tabs, and spring tabs, all of which help reduce pilot workload and improve aircraft handling characteristics.
- [Aircraft Stability, Maneuverability and Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-stability-maneuverability-and-control/): An aircraft must possess sufficient stability to maintain a desired flight path and to recover naturally from various disturbing forces such as gusts, turbulence, or control inputs.
- [Aircraft Chemical Treatments and Protective Coatings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-chemical-treatments-and-protective-coatings/): Anodizing is the most common surface treatment of nonclad aluminum alloy surfaces.
- [Helicopter Transmission and Clutch Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-transmission-and-clutch-systems/): The helicopter transmission system is responsible for transferring engine power to the main rotor, tail rotor, and other essential drive components while reducing engine speed to the rotor speeds required for efficient flight.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Connecting Rods](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-connecting-rods/): In reciprocating aircraft engines, the connecting rod plays a critical role in converting the linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
- [FADEC: ECUs, Wiring Harnesses and EICAS](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fadec-ecus-wiring-harnesses-and-eicas/): A FADEC is a solid-state digital electronic ignition and electronic sequential port fuel injection system with only one moving part that consists of the opening and closing of the fuel injector.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Cylinders](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-cylinders/): In contemporary aircraft engines, cylinders are critical components where combustion energy is converted into mechanical motion.
- [Preservation and Depreservation of Gas Turbine Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preservation-and-depreservation-of-gas-turbine-engines/): The procedures for preserving and depreserving gas turbine engines vary depending upon the length of inactivity, the type of preservative used, and whether or not the engine may be rotated during the inactive period.
- [Dry Sump Pressure Regulated Turbine Lubrication System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/dry-sump-pressure-regulated-turbine-lubrication-system/): The turbine lubrication system is representative of turbine engines using a dry-sump system.
- [Turbine Engine Dry Sump Variable Pressure Lubrication System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-dry-sump-variable-pressure-lubrication-system/): The dry-sump variable-pressure lubrication system uses the same basic subsystems that the regulated systems used (pressure Scavenge breather).
- [General Procedures for Aircraft Engines Removal and Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/general-procedures-for-aircraft-engines-removal-and-installation/): After the decision has been made to remove an engine, the preparation of the replacement engine must be considered.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Afterburning/Thrust Augmentation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-afterburning-thrust-augmentation/): The terms afterburning and thrust augmentation generally pertain to military engine applications. The terms are used to describe the same system.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Noise Supression](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-noise-supression/): Aircraft powered by gas turbine engines sometimes require noise suppression for the engine exhaust gases when operating from airports located in or near highly populated areas.
- [Stromberg PS Carburetor Operation and Components](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/stromberg-ps-carburetor-operation-and-components/): The Stromberg PS carburetor is a pressure-type fuel metering device used on reciprocating aircraft engines.
- [Aircraft Electrical Connectors and Conduit](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electrical-connectors-and-conduit/): Connectors and conduit are important components of aircraft engine ignition and electrical system installations.
- [Propeller Vibration, Tracking and Blade Angle Adjustment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/propeller-vibration-tracking-and-blade-angle-adjustment/): Proper propeller maintenance is essential for minimizing vibration, ensuring efficient engine performance, and extending propeller service life.
- [Magneto Timing and Ignition System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/magneto-timing-and-ignition-system-maintenance/): Proper maintenance, inspection, and timing of a reciprocating engine ignition system are essential for reliable engine operation.
- [Aircraft Drawings: Title Blocks, Number Systems, and Standards](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-drawings-title-blocks-number-systems-and-standards/): Every print must have some means of identification. This is provided by a title block.
- [Aircraft Propeller Removal and Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-removal-and-installation/): Proper propeller removal and installation are essential to ensure safe operation, correct alignment, and reliable performance.
- [Preservation and Storage of Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preservation-and-storage-of-aircraft-engines/): An engine awaiting overhaul or return to service after overhaul must be given careful attention.
- [Aircraft Propellers Used on General Aviation Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propellers-used-on-general-aviation-aircraft/): An increasing number of light aircraft are designed for operation with governor-regulated, constant-speed propellers.
- [Aircraft Propeller Governor Mechanics and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-governor-mechanics-and-operation/): A propeller governor is an engine RPM-sensing device and high-pressure oil pump that automatically maintains the selected propeller RPM in a constant-speed propeller system.
- [Flight Management Systems and FMC Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/flight-management-systems-and-fmc-operation/): The Flight Management System (FMS) integrates navigation, performance, and automation functions to optimize aircraft operation throughout all phases of flight.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Inspection and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-inspection-and-maintenance/): Proper inspection and maintenance of aircraft fuel systems are essential for safe engine operation and reliable fuel delivery.
- [Aircraft Carburetor Maintenance and Adjustments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-carburetor-maintenance-and-adjustments/): Proper carburetor maintenance is essential for safe engine operation and reliable fuel metering.
- [Helicopter Flight Conditions and Aerodynamics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-flight-conditions-and-aerodynamics/): Helicopter flight in forward motion introduces aerodynamic effects that do not exist in a hover.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines Types and Construction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engines-types-and-construction/): In a reciprocating engine, the functions of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust all take place in the same combustion chamber.
- [Automatic Flight Control Systems (AFCS)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/automatic-flight-control-systems-afcs/): Automatic Flight Control Systems (AFCS) integrate autopilot, flight director, and navigation functions to provide advanced aircraft control and automation.
- [Aircraft Electronic Flight Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electronic-flight-instruments/): Electronic flight instruments integrate multiple sources of flight and navigation data into a single display, improving situational awareness and reducing pilot workload.
- [Airfoil Design, AOA, and Lift Generation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/airfoil-design-aoa-and-lift-generation/): An airfoil is a surface designed to obtain lift from the air through which it moves.
- [Wooden Aircraft Structures Repair and Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/wooden-aircraft-structures-repair-and-materials/): Repairing wooden aircraft structures requires careful selection of materials and adhesives to ensure the repaired component is as strong and durable as the original.
- [Pressure Injection Carburetors and Automatic Mixture Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pressure-injection-carburetors-and-automatic-mixture-control/): Pressure injection carburetors are fuel metering devices that use fuel pressure and airflow-induced pressure differentials to accurately meter fuel to reciprocating aircraft engines.
- [Landing Gear Structure and Configuration](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/landing-gear-structure-and-configuration/): The landing gear supports the aircraft during landing and while it is on the ground. Simple aircraft that fly at low speeds generally have fixed gear.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Filters and Contamination Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-filters-and-contamination-control/): Hydraulic filters are essential components of aircraft hydraulic systems because they remove contamination before it can damage pumps, valves, actuators, and other precision components.
- [Aircraft RAT and Hydraulic Motor-Driven Generator](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rat-and-hydraulic-motor-driven-generator/): A ram air turbine (RAT) is installed on many transport-category aircraft to provide an emergency source of hydraulic and/or electrical power if the primary power systems are lost.
- [Aircraft Turbocharger and Exhaust Nozzle Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbocharger-and-exhaust-nozzle-systems/): Aircraft exhaust systems perform more than simply directing exhaust gases away from the engine.
- [Aircraft Transparent Plastics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-transparent-plastics/): Transparent plastics are widely used in aircraft windshields, windows, canopies, and light covers because they provide excellent optical clarity while remaining lightweight and impact resistant.
- [Boeing 777 Aircraft Fire Detection and Extinguishing System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/boeing-777-aircraft-fire-detection-and-extinguishing-system/): The following section discusses the fire detection and extinguishing system of the B777 aircraft. The information is included only for familiarization purposes.
- [Gas Turbine Engine Fuel Systems and Fuel Controls](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-turbine-engine-fuel-systems-and-fuel-controls/): The fuel system is one of the more complex aspects of the gas turbine engine.
- [Large Aircraft Hydraulic Systems: B737 and B777](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/large-aircraft-hydraulic-systems-b737-and-b777/): Large aircraft rely extensively on hydraulic systems to transmit power efficiently and reliably to critical aircraft components.
- [Aircraft Carburetor Induction System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-carburetor-induction-system/): A carburetor induction system delivers clean, properly metered air and fuel to the engine while protecting it from contaminants and induction icing.
- [Aircraft Braking Systems and Anti-Skid](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-braking-systems-and-anti-skid/): Very early aircraft had no brake system to slow and stop the aircraft while it is on the ground.
- [Pratt & Whitney PT6 Hartzell Propeller System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pratt-whitney-pt6-hartzell-propeller-system/): The Pratt & Whitney PT6 Hartzell propeller system is a hydraulically operated, constant-speed propeller designed to provide efficient thrust and reliable performance throughout all phases of flight.
- [Aircraft Engine Fire Extinguishing System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-fire-extinguishing-system/): Commuter aircraft certificated under 14 CFR part 23 are required to have, at a minimum, a one-shot fire extinguishing system.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-exhaust-section/): The exhaust section of the gas turbine engine consists of several components.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Systems Actuators](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-systems-actuators/): Hydraulic actuators convert hydraulic pressure into mechanical motion.
- [Aircraft Decals Application Procedure](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-decals-application-procedure/): Markings are placed on aircraft surfaces to provide servicing instructions, fuel and oil specifications, tank capacities, and to identify lifting and leveling points, walkways, battery locations, or any areas that should be identified.
- [Aircraft Cleaning Materials and Cleaners](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cleaning-materials-and-cleaners/): Aircraft cleaning requires the proper selection and use of approved cleaning materials, solvents, and methods to ensure effective maintenance without damaging components.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter W](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-w/): Wake. The high-velocity stream of turbulent air behind an operating aircraft engine.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter V](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-v/): Vapor lock. A condition in which vapors form in the fuel lines and block the flow of fuel to the carburetor.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter U](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-u/): UDF engine. Un-ducted Fan™.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter T](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-t/): TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation). A radio navigation facility used by military aircraft for both direction and distance information.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter S](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-s/): Saddle gusset. A piece of plywood glued to an aircraft structural member.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter R](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-r/): Rack-and-pinion actuator. A form of rotary actuator where the fluid acts on a piston on which a rack of gear teeth is cut.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter P](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-p/): P-lead. Primary lead. The wire that connects the primary winding of a magneto to the ignition switch. The magneto is turned off by grounding its P-lead.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter O](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-o/): Oblique shock wave. A pressure wave that forms on a sharp-pointed object when air flows past it at a supersonic speed.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter N](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-n/): N1. A symbol representing the rotational speed of the low-pressure compressor in a dual-spool gas turbine engine.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter M](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-m/): M&D (Malfunction and Defect) report.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter L](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-l/): Labyrinth seal. A type of air and/or seal used around the main –shaft bearings in a gas turbine engine.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter J and K](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-j-and-k/): Jet fuel. Fuel designed and produced to be used in aircraft gas turbine engines.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter I](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-i/): Ice bridging. A spark plug failure that occurs when starting a reciprocating engine in extremely cold weather.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter H](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-h/): Halon 1211. A halogenated hydrocarbon fire-extinguishing agent used in many HRD fire-extinguishing systems for powerplant protection.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter G](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-g/): Galling. Fretting or pulling out chunks of a surface by sliding contact with another surface or body.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter F](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-f/): FAA Form 337. The Major Repair and Alteration form that must be completed when an FAA-certificated aircraft or engine has been given a major repair or major alteration.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter E](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-e/): EADI. Electronic Attitude Director Indicator.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter D](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-d/): Dacron. The registered trade name for a cloth woven from polyester fibers.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter C](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-c/): Cage (verb). To lock the gimbals of a gyroscopic instrument so it will not be damaged by abrupt flight maneuvers or rough handling.
- [Aviation Glossary of Terms, Acronyms & Definitions - Letter B](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-glossary-of-terms-acronyms-definitions-letter-b/): Back course. The reciprocal of the localizer course for an ILS (Instrument Landing System).
- [Aircraft Fuel Systems Servicing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-systems-servicing/): Two types of aviation fuel in general use are aviation gasoline, also known as AVGAS, and turbine fuel, also known as JET A fuel.
- [Inspection of Composites](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspection-of-composites/): Composite structures are inspected for delamination (separation of the various plies), debonding of the skin from the core, and evidence of moisture and corrosion.
- [Ground Movement of Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ground-movement-of-aircraft/): The following instructions cover the starting procedures for reciprocating, turboprop, turbofan, and APU.
- [Answers | Powerplant Ignition and Starting Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-powerplant-ignition-and-starting-systems/): The magneto magnetic circuit consists of a permanent multi-pole rotating magnet, a soft iron core, and pole shoes.
- [Questions | Aircraft Powerplant Ignition and Starting Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-powerplant-ignition-and-starting-systems/): c. electrical steel.
- [Aircraft Flexible Hose Fluid Lines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-flexible-hose-fluid-lines/): Flexible hose is used in aircraft fluid systems to connect moving parts with stationary parts in locations subject to vibration or where a great amount of flexibility is needed.
- [Aircraft Rigid Fluid Lines (Part 2)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rigid-fluid-lines-part-2/): Fluid lines in aircraft are often identified by markers made up of color codes, words, and geometric symbols.
- [Aircraft Rigid Fluid Lines (Part 1)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rigid-fluid-lines-part-1/): CopperIn the early days of aviation, copper tubing was used extensively in aviation fluid applications.
- [Aircraft Routine/Required Inspections](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-routine-required-inspections/): For the purpose of determining their overall condition, 14 CFR provides for the inspection of all civil aircraft at specific intervals, depending generally upon the type of operations that they are engaged in.
- [Protection of Dissimilar Metal Contacts in Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/protection-of-dissimilar-metal-contacts-in-aircraft/): When two dissimilar metals are placed in contact in the presence of moisture, galvanic corrosion can occur due to differences in their electrical potential.
- [Answers - Powerplant Lubrication Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-powerplant-lubrication-systems/): The viscosity, or the resistance of oil to flow, changes with temperature.
- [Questions - Aircraft Powerplant Lubrication Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-powerplant-lubrication-systems/): a. The oil pressure will be higher than normal.
- [Answers - Engine Electrical Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-engine-electrical-systems/): By replacing the slip rings of a basic AC generator with two half-cylinders, called a commutator, DC current is obtained.
- [Questions | Aircraft Engine Electrical Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-engine-electrical-systems/): the starting winding is shorted.
- [Flight Line Safety](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/flight-line-safety/): The flight line is a place of dangerous activity.
- [Paint Shop Safety and Protective Equipment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/paint-shop-safety-and-protective-equipment/): All paint booths and shops must have adequate ventilation systems installed that not only remove the toxic air but, when properly operating, reduce and/or eliminate overspray and dust from collecting on the finish.
- [Oxy-Acetylene Welded Joint Configurations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/oxy-acetylene-welded-joint-configurations/): The type of joint used in welding depends on the shape of the parts, the thickness of the metal, and the strength required in the finished assembly.
- [Answers - Engine Fire Protection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-engine-fire-protection-systems/): A typical fire detection system used in reciprocating engine aircraft incorporates a thermocouple system that uses a series of rate-of-temperature-rise detectors.
- [Questions - Aircraft Engine Fire Protection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-engine-fire-protection-systems/): Smoke detectors.
- [Finishing Materials for Aircraft Painting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/finishing-materials-for-aircraft-painting/): A wide variety of materials are used in aircraft finishing. Some of the more common materials and their uses are described in the following paragraphs.
- [Nondestructive Inspection/Testing (Part 2)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/nondestructive-inspection-testing-part-2/): Electromagnetic analysis is a term describing the broad spectrum of electronic test methods involving the intersection of magnetic fields and circulatory currents.
- [Nondestructive Inspection/Testing (Part 1)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/nondestructive-inspection-testing-part-1/): The preceding information in this site provided general details regarding aircraft inspection.
- [Aviation Workshop Safety](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-workshop-safety/): Keeping the shop, hangars, and flight line clean is essential to safety and efficient maintenance.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Records](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-records/): When a technician gets involved with the weight and balance of an aircraft, it almost always involves a calculation of the aircraft’s empty weight and EWCG.
- [Answers - Engine Instrument Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-engine-instrument-systems/): Electronic fuel flowmeters (vane-type or mass-flow type) are what many modern aircraft use to measure the amount of fuel consumed by an engine.
- [Questions - Engine Instrument Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-engine-instrument-systems/): Fuel flow meter.
- [Q&A | Turbine Engine](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-turbine-engine/): 12.The section of a turbine engine directly behind the compressor is known as the ____________ .
- [Aircraft Corrosion Prevention and Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-corrosion-prevention-and-inspection/): Much has been done to improve the corrosion resistance of aircraft, such as improvements in materials, surface treatments, insulation, and modern protective finishes.
- [Q&A | Aircraft Reciprocating Engine](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-aircraft-reciprocating-engine/): on the crankshaft.
- [Loading Graphs and CG Envelopes | Weight and Balance Computation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/loading-graphs-and-cg-envelopes-weight-and-balance-computation/): The weight and balance computation system, commonly called the loading graph and CG envelope system, is an excellent and rapid method for determining the CG location for various loading arrangements.
- [Answers - Aircraft Painting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-painting/): For 12-inch characters the width will be 213 of 12, which equals 8 inches. The 1 will be 2 inches wide, and the spacing will be 114 of 8 inches, or 2 inches.
- [Questions - Aircraft Painting and Finishing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-painting-and-finishing/): 1 Paint is more than aesthetics, it affects the __________________________________ of the aircraft and protects the _________________________________ of the airframe.
- [Answers - Aircraft Electrical System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-electrical-system/): One method for reversing the direction of rotation of electric motors is to employ two field windings wound in opposite directions on the same pole.
- [Questions - Aircraft Electrical System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-electrical-system/): a. wiring diagrams b. block diagrams c. pictorial diagrams d.
- [Answers - Fire Protection System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-fire-protection-system/): FAR 23.853(a) Passenger and Crew Compartment Interiors.
- [Questions - Aircraft Fire Protection System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-fire-protection-system/): 3 Class D fires are fires involving energized electrical equipment where the use of an extinguishing media that is electrically nonconductive is important.
- [Approval of Aircraft Structure Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/approval-of-aircraft-structure-repair/): Once the need for an aircraft repair has been established, Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) defines the approval process.
- [Aluminum Alloys Used in Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aluminum-alloys-used-in-aircraft/): Aluminum alloys are the most frequently encountered type of sheet metal in aircraft repair.
- [Folding a Box](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/folding-a-box/): A box can be formed the same way as the U-channel described on in the previous paragraphs, but when a sheet metal part has intersecting bend radii, it is necessary to remove material to make room for the material contained in the flanges.
- [Holding Devices for Aircraft Sheet Metal Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/holding-devices-for-aircraft-sheet-metal-repair/): In order to work with sheet metal during the fabrication process, the aviation technician uses a variety of holding devices, such as clamps, vises, and fasteners, to hold the work together.
- [Gas Welding Procedures and Techniques](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-welding-procedures-and-techniques/): Successful gas welding depends on using the proper torch position, filler rod technique, and weld sequence for the material and joint being welded.
- [Answers - Ice and Rain Protection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-ice-and-rain-protection/): Before installing pneumatic surface-bonded deicer boots, the installation area must be thoroughly cleaned and all paint removed before the glue is applied.
- [Questions | Aircraft Ice and Rain Protection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-ice-and-rain-protection/): ______________________ that is applied on the inside of the outer windshield ply.
- [Cabin Environmental Control Questions for AMTs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/cabin-environmental-control-questions-for-amts/): Test your knowledge of aircraft cabin environmental control systems, including oxygen systems, pressurization, heating, and air conditioning.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Fuel Control Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-fuel-control-maintenance/): The field repair of the turbine engine fuel control is very limited.
- [Reasons for Removal of Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reasons-for-removal-of-aircraft-engines/): The following paragraphs outline the most common reasons for removing and replacing an engine.
- [Aircraft Engine Shipping Containers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-shipping-containers/): For protection, engines are sealed in plastic or foil envelopes and can be packed in a wooden shipping case or in pressurized metal containers.
- [Hoisting and Mounting the Aircraft Engine for Installation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/hoisting-and-mounting-the-aircraft-engine-for-installation/): When the new or overhauled engine is ready to be hoisted for installation, move the engine stand as close as possible to the nacelle in which the replacement is to be installed.
- [The Atmosphere and Its Effects on Aircraft Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/the-atmosphere-and-its-effects-on-aircraft-flight/): The atmosphere provides the medium in which aircraft operate.
- [Charts and Graphs | Aircraft Drawings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/charts-and-graphs-aircraft-drawings/): Graphs and charts are pictorial representations of data.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Ignition Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-ignition-systems/): Since turbine engine ignition systems normally operate only during the engine-starting cycle, they are generally more reliable and require less maintenance than reciprocating engine ignition systems.
- [Helicopter Main Rotor System Types and Designs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-main-rotor-system-types-and-designs/): The rotor system is the most important component of a helicopter because it produces lift, thrust, and flight control forces.
- [Helicopter Forces, Torque, and Gyroscopic Effects](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-forces-torque-and-gyroscopic-effects/): Helicopter flight is governed by several aerodynamic and mechanical forces that influence stability, control, and performance.
- [Helicopter Flight Control Assembly and Rigging](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-flight-control-assembly-and-rigging/): Proper assembly and rigging are essential to safe helicopter operation.
- [Auxiliary Lift Devices and Aerodynamic Features](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/auxiliary-lift-devices-and-aerodynamic-features/): Auxiliary aerodynamic devices are used to improve lift, reduce drag, enhance controllability, or assist in deceleration during various phases of flight.
- [Turboprop and Turbofan Engines Starting Procedures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turboprop-and-turbofan-engines-starting-procedures/): The starting of any turbine engine consists of three steps that must be carried out in the correct sequence.
- [Preparing the Aircraft Engine for Removal](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preparing-the-aircraft-engine-for-removal/): Before starting to work on the aircraft or reciprocating engine, always be sure that the magneto switch is in the off position.
- [Aircraft Engine Preservation and Return to Service](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-preservation-and-return-to-service/): Before an engine is placed in temporary or indefinite storage, it should be operated and filled with a corrosion-preventive oil mixture added in the oil system to retard corrosion by coating the engine’s internal parts.
- [Reciprocating Helicopter Engine and QECA](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reciprocating-helicopter-engine-and-qeca/): The engine is installed facing aft with the propeller shaft approximately 39° above horizontal.
- [Carburetion Principles and Venturi Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/carburetion-principles-and-venturi-operation/): Carburetors use the principles of airflow and pressure differential to meter fuel and deliver the proper air-fuel mixture to the engine.
- [Aircraft Engine Lubrication System Maintenance Practices](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-lubrication-system-maintenance-practices/): The oil tank, constructed of welded aluminum, is serviced (filled) through a filler neck located on the tank and equipped with a spring-loaded locking cap.
- [Aircraft Special Inspections](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-special-inspections/): During the service life of an aircraft, occasions may arise when something out of the ordinary care and use of an aircraft could possibly affect its airworthiness.
- [Composite Defects and In-Service Damage](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/composite-defects-and-in-service-damage/): Composite structures can develop defects during manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, or normal service operations.
- [Removing the Aircraft Engine](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/removing-the-aircraft-engine/): If a QECA is being removed, the engine mount accompanies the engine. The mount remains on the aircraft if only the engine is being removed.
- [Using a Sheet Metal Brake to Fold Metal](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/using-a-sheet-metal-brake-to-fold-metal/): The brake set up for box and pan brakes and cornice brakes is identical.
- [Aircraft Clocks and Timekeeping Instruments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-clocks-and-timekeeping-instruments/): Whether called a clock or a chronometer, an FAA-approved time indicator is required in the cockpit of IFR-certified aircraft.
- [Drawing Sketches | Aircraft Drawing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/drawing-sketches-aircraft-drawing/): A sketch is a simple rough drawing that is made rapidly and without much detail.
- [Aircraft Composite Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-composite-structures/): Composite materials are becoming more important in the construction of aerospace structures.
- [Aircraft Fuel System Questions for AMT Exam Prep](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-system-questions-for-amt-exam-prep/): Test your knowledge of aircraft fuel systems, including fuel tanks, pumps, valves, crossfeed, jettison, fueling, and quantity indicating systems.
- [Q&A | Aircraft Instrument Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-aircraft-instrument-systems/): a. __________________ pressure.
- [Answers - Communication and Navigation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-communication-and-navigation/): Radio equipment is sensitive to mechanical shock and vibration and is normally shock mounted to provide protection.
- [Questions - Communication and Navigation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-communication-and-navigation/): a. shock mounts.
- [Answers - Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-hydraulic-and-pneumatic-power-systems/): b] Aid or supplement the power pump when several units are operating at once by supplying extra power from its "accumulated" or stored power.
- [Questions - Aircraft Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-hydraulic-and-pneumatic-power-systems/): a. Pressure regulator.
- [Answers - Aircraft Metal Structure Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-metal-structure-repair/): Rivets hold pieces of aircraft skin together, and in a properly designed riveted joint, the rivets support shear loads only.
- [Questions - Aircraft Metal Structure Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-metal-structure-repair/): a. Tension b. Compression c. Shear d. Bearing e. Torsion f.
- [Answers - Landing Gear Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-landing-gear-systems/): Tires should be stored in a cool, dry area, out of direct sunlight and away from electrical machinery (which may generate ozone).
- [Questions - Aircraft Landing Gear Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-landing-gear-systems/): a. The brake travel would become excessive.
- [Answers - Aircraft Welding](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-welding/): A stream of inert gas such as argon or helium flows out of the torch and envelopes the arc to exclude oxygen from the area and prevent the formation of oxides.
- [Questions - Aircraft Welding](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-welding/): concentrate the heat of the arc and prevent its dissipation.
- [Answers - Aircraft Wood and Structural Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-wood-and-structural-repair/): Solid spruce spars may be replaced with laminated ones or vice versa, provided the material is of the same high quality.
- [Questions - Aircraft Wood and Structural Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-wood-and-structural-repair/): only in certain instances where the primary load is shared by one or more other original structural member.
- [Answers - Aircraft Fabric covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-fabric-covering/): A cut, fold, or seam made diagonally to the warp or fill threads.
- [Questions - Aircraft Fabric Covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-fabric-covering/): (2) A plain lapped seam is never permissible.
- [Answers - Aerodynamics, Assembly and Rigging](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aerodynamics-assembly-and-rigging/): Relative ‐ the ratio (%) of the moisture actually in the air to the moisture it would hold if it were saturated at the same temperature and pressure.
- [Questions | Aerodynamics, Assembly and Rigging](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aerodynamics-assembly-and-rigging/): Join our community on Patreon to access our full library of AMT study resources.
- [Answers - Advanced Composites Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-advanced-composites-materials/): Aircraft structure must not only be strong, but rigid as well. Very thin aluminum skins normally provide adequate strength, but lack the rigidity needed.
- [Questions - Advanced Composites Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-advanced-composites-materials/): a. may be repaired by gluing replacement skin to the inner core material with thermoplastic resin.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Rigging, Inspections and Adjustments](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-rigging-inspections-and-adjustments/): The following instructions cover some of the basic inspections and procedures for rigging and adjusting fuel controls, fuel selectors, and fuel shutoff valves.
- [Answers - Aircraft Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-structures/): Aircraft structural members are designed to carry a load or to resist stress.
- [Questions | Aircraft Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-structures/): The cyclic is the control “stick” located at the pilot’s left side.
- [Magnaglo and Radiographic Inspection of Aircraft Bonded Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/magnaglo-and-radiographic-inspection-of-aircraft-bonded-structures/): Magnaglo inspection is similar to the preceding method, but differs in that a fluorescent particle solution is used and the inspection is made under black light.
- [Helicopter Power Systems and Engine Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-power-systems-and-engine-types/): Helicopter power systems provide the mechanical energy required to drive the rotor system and support flight operations.
- [Large Aircraft Flight Control Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/large-aircraft-flight-control-systems/): Modern aircraft employ a variety of flight control systems to transmit pilot inputs to the control surfaces.
- [Turbine Engine Energy Transformation and Operating Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-energy-transformation-and-operating-principles/): A gas turbine engine is a form of heat engine that converts the chemical energy of fuel into heat energy.
- [Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-reciprocating-engine-exhaust-systems/): The reciprocating engine exhaust system is fundamentally a scavenging system that collects and disposes of the high-temperature noxious gases being discharged by the engine.
- [Inspection of Aircraft Bonded Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspection-of-aircraft-bonded-structures/): Ultrasonic inspection is finding increasing application in aircraft bonded construction and repair.
- [Aircraft Propeller Servicing and Overhaul](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-servicing-and-overhaul/): Proper propeller servicing and overhaul help ensure safe operation, reliable performance, and maximum service life.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Thrust](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-thrust/): Gas turbine engine thrust is produced by accelerating a mass of air through the engine and expelling it at a higher velocity than it entered.
- [Machining and Safety of Aircraft Composites](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/machining-and-safety-of-aircraft-composites/): Composite materials require specialized machining methods because their fibers and resin systems respond differently than metals during drilling, cutting, countersinking, and trimming operations.
- [Aircraft Instrument System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-instrument-system-maintenance/): Proper maintenance of aircraft instruments and instrument systems is essential to ensure accuracy, reliability, and safe flight operations.
- [Precipitation Heat Treating and Annealing of Aluminum Alloys](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/precipitation-heat-treating-and-annealing-of-aluminum-alloys/): The aluminum alloys are in a comparatively soft state immediately after quenching from a solution heat-treating temperature.
- [Aircraft Stressed Skin Structure Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-stressed-skin-structure-repair/): In aircraft construction, stressed skin is a form of construction in which the external covering (skin) of an aircraft carries part or all of the main loads.
- [Oxy-acetylene Cutting and Equipment Shutdown](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/oxy-acetylene-cutting-and-equipment-shutdown/): Oxy-acetylene cutting is commonly used in aircraft maintenance shops to remove damaged steel parts, trim metal stock, or cut material to size.
- [Non-FAA Documents](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/non-faa-documents/): To standardize the technical data and maintenance activities on large and therefore complex aircraft, the A4A has established a classification of maintenance related actions.
- [Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/heat-treatment-of-nonferrous-metals/): In the wrought form, commercially-pure aluminum is known as 1100. It has a high degree of resistance to corrosion and is easily formed into intricate shapes.
- [Aircraft Painting Tools and Finishing Equipment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-painting-tools-and-finishing-equipment/): A paint booth may be a small room in which components of an aircraft are painted, or it can be an aircraft hangar big enough to house the largest aircraft.
- [Mechanic Certification: Subpart A - General (by 14 CFR Section)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/mechanic-certification-subpart-a-general-by-14-cfr-section/): Normally, the FAA issues these certificates only to United States (U.S.) citizens or resident aliens residing in the United States.
- [LSA Engine Preflight Check-Troubleshooting and Preservation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/lsa-engine-preflight-check-troubleshooting-and-preservation/): The following checklist should be performed for all pre-flight checks. Repair, as necessary, all discrepancies and shortcoming before flight.
- [FAA Documents](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/faa-documents/): AC refers to a type of publication offered by the FAA to provide guidance for compliance with airworthiness regulations.
- [Heat Treatment of Ferrous Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/heat-treatment-of-ferrous-metals/): The first important consideration in the heat treatment of a steel part is to know its chemical composition. This, in turn, determines its upper critical point.
- [Turbine Engines Troubleshooting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engines-troubleshooting/): Turbine engine discrepancies can be either obvious or hidden.
- [TIG Welding for Aircraft Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/tig-welding-for-aircraft-maintenance/): Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), commonly called TIG welding, is widely used in aircraft maintenance because it produces strong, precise welds with excellent control and minimal contamination.
- [Turbine Engine Calibration and Testing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-calibration-and-testing/): Some of the most important factors affecting turbine engine life are EGT, engine cycles (a cycle is generally a takeoff and landing) and engine speed.
- [Metalworking Processes | Aircraft Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/metalworking-processes-aircraft-materials/): There are three methods of metalworking: hot working, cold working, and extruding.
- [Suspected Unapproved Parts (SUP)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/suspected-unapproved-parts-sup/): The first of those listed represents properly authorized parts that, when properly installed, are approved parts, and the aircraft can be returned to service.
- [Nonferrous Aircraft Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/nonferrous-aircraft-metals/): The term “nonferrous” refers to all metals that have elements other than iron as its base or principal constituent.
- [Brazing and Soldering Techniques for Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/brazing-and-soldering-techniques-for-aircraft/): Brazing and soldering are metal-joining processes that use a filler metal with a lower melting temperature than the base material.
- [Jabiru Engines Maintenance and Engine Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/jabiru-engines-maintenance-and-engine-inspection/): NOTE: Some specific maintenance practices that differ from conventional certified engines is covered for background and educational acquaintance purposes only.
- [Ferrous Aircraft Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ferrous-aircraft-metals/): Many different metals are required in the repair of aircraft.
- [Civil Air Regulations (CAR)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/civil-air-regulations-car/): Prior to 1926, access to flying was uncontrolled. No licensing or certification was required.
- [Properties of Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/properties-of-metals/): Of primary concern in aircraft maintenance are such general properties of metals and their alloys as hardness, strength, malleability, ductility, elasticity, toughness, density, brittleness, fusibility, conductivity contraction and expansion, and so forth.
- [Light-Sport Aircraft Engines Lubrication System Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/light-sport-aircraft-engines-lubrication-system-maintenance/): Always allow engine to cool down to ambient temperature before starting any work on the lubrication system.
- [The Atmosphere | Aviation Physics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/the-atmosphere-aviation-physics/): Aviation is so dependent upon that category of fluids called gases and the effect of forces and pressures acting upon gases that a discussion of the subject of the atmosphere is important to the persons maintaining and repairing aircraft.
- [Corrosive Agents in Aircraft: Types and Effects on Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/corrosive-agents-in-aircraft-types-and-effects-on-metals/): Substances that cause corrosion of metals are called corrosive agents. The most common corrosive agents are acids, alkalies, and salts.
- [Explanation of Primary Regulations (Parts 43 and 91)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/explanation-of-primary-regulations-parts-43-and-91/): Paragraph (a) states quite clearly that aircraft (whether U.S.- or foreign-registered operating under 14 CFR part 121 or 135) and component parts thereof must be maintained in accordance with the rules set forth in this part.
- [Gas Welding and Cutting Equipment](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-welding-and-cutting-equipment/): Oxy-fuel welding and cutting require a combination of properly matched gases, regulators, hoses, torches, and safety equipment.
- [LSA Engines Maintenance Schedule Procedures and Checklist](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/lsa-engines-maintenance-schedule-procedures-and-checklist/): All stated checks are visual inspections for damage and wear, unless otherwise stated. All listed work must be carried out within the specified period.
- [Aeronautical Publications](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aeronautical-publications/): Aeronautical publications are the sources of information for guiding aviation mechanics in the operation and maintenance of aircraft and related equipment.
- [Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14CFR)](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/title-14-of-the-code-of-federal-regulations-14cfr/): Aviation-related regulations that have occurred from 1926– 1966 are reflected in Figure 1.
- [Inspection of Aircraft Welds](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/inspection-of-aircraft-welds/): A discussion of welds in this post is confined to judging the quality of completed welds by visual means.
- [Sound | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/sound-physics-for-aviation/): Sound has been defined as a series of disturbances in matter that the human ear can detect.
- [Aircraft AC Power Fundamentals and Theory](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ac-power-fundamentals-and-theory/): Alternating current (AC) is widely used in modern aircraft electrical systems due to its efficiency, reliability, and ability to supply high-power loads.
- [Aircraft Brake Inspection, Bleeding, and Service](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-brake-inspection-bleeding-and-service/): Aviation safety depends on the reliable performance of braking systems to decelerate aircraft, maintain control during taxiing, and ensure secure engine run-ups.
- [Oxy-Acetylene Welding: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/oxy-acetylene-welding-ferrous-and-nonferrous-metals/): Ferrous and nonferrous metals respond differently to oxy-acetylene welding because of their composition, melting characteristics, and reaction to heat and oxidation.
- [Fluid Mechanics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fluid-mechanics/): By definition, a fluid is any substance that is able to flow if it is not in some way confined or restricted.
- [Working with Aircraft Special Metals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/working-with-aircraft-special-metals/): Corrosion-resistant-steel (CRES) sheet is used on some parts of the aircraft when high strength is required.
- [Personnel Authorized to Perform Inspection and Maintenance on LSA Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/personnel-authorized-to-perform-inspection-and-maintenance-on-lsa-engines/): Given they meet all applicable regulations, the holder of a powerplant certificate can perform maintenance and inspections on light-sport engines.
- [Aircraft Inspection and Maintenance Programs](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-inspection-and-maintenance-programs/): Aircraft inspections are a fundamental part of aviation safety and airworthiness.
- [Digital Electronics and Logic Gates](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/digital-electronics-and-logic-gates/): In-depth maintenance of the interior electronics on most avionics devices is performed only by certified repair stations and trained avionics technicians.
- [Gas Laws | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/gas-laws-physics-for-aviation/): The simple structure of gases makes them readily adaptable to mathematical analysis from which has evolved a detailed theory of the behavior of gases.
- [Aircraft Sandwich and Honeycomb Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-sandwich-and-honeycomb-structures/): Sandwich structures are widely used in modern aircraft construction because they provide high strength and stiffness while keeping structural weight low.
- [Basic Analog Circuits in Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/basic-analog-circuits-in-aviation/): The solid-state semiconductor devices described in the previous Electron Control Valves section can be found in both analog and digital electronic circuits.
- [Aircraft Corrosion: Causes and Identification Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-corrosion-causes-and-identification-guide/): Many aircraft structures are made of metal, and the most insidious form of damage to those structures is corrosion.
- [Pressure | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/pressure-physics-for-aviation/): Pressure is the amount of force acting on a specific amount of surface area.
- [Electron Control Valves and Semiconductor Devices](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/electron-control-valves-and-semiconductor-devices/): Early aircraft were equipped with radio communication and navigational devices that were constructed with analog electronic circuits.
- [Analog vs Digital Electronics in Avionics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/analog-vs-digital-electronics-in-avionics/): Electronic devices represent and manipulate real-world phenomena through the use of electrical signals.
- [LSA Engines General Requirements](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/lsa-engines-general-requirements/): Engines used for light-sport aircraft and other types of aircraft, such as some experimental aircraft, ultralight aircraft, and powered parachutes, must be very light for the power they develop.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Cooling System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-cooling-system/): The intense heat generated when fuel and air are burned necessitates that some means of cooling be provided for all internal combustion engines.
- [Requirements and Characteristics of Reciprocating Engine Lubricants](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/requirements-and-characteristics-of-reciprocating-engine-lubricants/): While there are several important properties that satisfactory reciprocating engine oil must possess, its viscosity is most important in engine operation.
- [Aviation Physics and Aircraft Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-physics-and-aircraft-theory-of-flight/): Physical science, commonly known as physics, plays a vital role in aviation and aerospace technology.
- [Aircraft Fuel Storage and Refueling Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-storage-and-refueling-systems/): Each fuel tank must be able to withstand, without failure, the loads encountered under likely operating conditions.
- [Aircraft Tire Operation and Handling Tips](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-tire-operation-and-handling-tips/): Aircraft tires experience longer life if operated in a manner to conserve wear and minimize damage.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Systems Heat Exchangers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-systems-heat-exchangers/): Heat exchangers are used in transport-type aircraft hydraulic systems to remove excess heat from the hydraulic fluid produced by the operation of hydraulic pumps and other system components.
- [Introduction to Aircraft Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/introduction-to-aircraft-inspection/): Inspections are visual examinations and manual checks to determine the condition of an aircraft or component.
- [Aircraft Fluid Lines and Fittings](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fluid-lines-and-fittings/): Aircraft fluid systems rely on a network of tubing, hoses, and fittings to safely transport liquids and gases throughout the aircraft.
- [Heat | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/heat-physics-for-aviation/): Heat is a form of energy. It is produced only by the conversion of one of the other forms of energy.
- [Introduction and Requirements for Aircraft Weighing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/introduction-and-requirements-for-aircraft-weighing/): The weight of an aircraft and its balance are extremely important for operating in a safe and efficient manner.
- [Direct Drive VW Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/direct-drive-vw-engines/): The Revmaster R-2300 engine maintains Revmaster’s systems and parts, including its RM-049 heads that feature large fins and a hemispherical combustion chamber.
- [Motion | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/motion-physics-for-aviation/): The study of the relationship between the motion of bodies or objects and the forces acting on them is often called the study of “force and motion.” In a more specific sense, the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and distance is known as kinematics.
- [Stress | Aviation Physics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/stress-aviation-physics/): Whenever a machine is in operation, be it a simple machine like a lever or a screw, or a more complex machine like an aircraft piston engine or a hydraulically operated landing gear, the parts and pieces of that machine will experience something called stress.
- [Aircraft Safety, Ground Operations, and Servicing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-safety-ground-operations-and-servicing/): Aircraft maintenance technicians devote a significant part of their work to aircraft ground handling, servicing, and the operation of support equipment.
- [Aircraft Drawings and Technical Graphics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-drawings-and-technical-graphics/): The exchange of ideas is essential in aviation, especially when aircraft parts and assemblies must be built, inspected, repaired, or installed correctly.
- [Aircraft Propeller Systems and Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-propeller-systems-and-operation/): Since the first powered flights, propellers have been used to convert engine power into thrust.
- [Aircraft Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-ignition-and-electrical-systems/): The ignition system of an aircraft engine provides the electrical spark needed to ignite the fuel–air mixture within the engine cylinders.
- [Aircraft Engine Lubrication and Cooling Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-lubrication-and-cooling-systems/): The primary purpose of an aircraft engine lubrication system is to reduce friction between moving parts and ensure smooth engine operation.
- [Aircraft Engine Fuel Metering Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-fuel-metering-systems/): For an aircraft to operate reliably in every phase of flight and in all expected environments, its fuel system must store and maintain a sufficient quantity of fuel and deliver it to the powerplant without interruption or contamination.
- [Aircraft Communication and Navigation Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-communication-and-navigation-systems/): Once the basic mechanics of flight were established, early aviators turned their attention to improving the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations.
- [Aircraft Engine Induction and Exhaust Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-induction-and-exhaust-systems/): The induction system of an aircraft engine is responsible for supplying the air required for combustion.
- [The Complete Guide to Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/the-complete-guide-to-aircraft-engines/): Aircraft require thrust to accelerate to a speed at which the wings can generate sufficient lift, or in some designs, to produce enough force to overcome the aircraft’s weight.
- [Aircraft Ice and Rain Protection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-ice-and-rain-protection-systems/): Rain, snow, and ice have long challenged transportation systems, and aviation adds another level of complexity.
- [Simple Machines | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/simple-machines-physics-for-aviation/): A machine is any device with which work may be accomplished.
- [Aircraft Instrument Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-instrument-systems/): Since the beginning of manned flight, it has been recognized that supplying the pilot with information about the aircraft and its operation could be useful and lead to safer flight.
- [Aircraft Composite Structures and Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-composite-structures-and-materials/): Modern aerospace engineering has benefited from major advances in materials science.
- [Legal Aspects and Terms of Aircraft Fabric Covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/legal-aspects-and-terms-of-aircraft-fabric-covering/): Before working with aircraft fabric coverings, it is important to understand the common terms used to describe fabric construction and the FAA regulations that govern repair and replacement.
- [Aircraft Electrical System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electrical-system/): In the early days of what is familiarly called "aircraft electrics", there was a certain distrust of the equipment, Although there was acceptance of the fact that electricity was necessary for operating the "wireless" equipment, a few lights and an engine ignition system, many individuals were inclined to the view that if other systems could not be operated either by air, hydraulic oil, cables, numerous mechanical linkages or petrol.
- [Electromagnetic Induction and Power Generation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/electromagnetic-induction-and-power-generation/): Electrical power in aircraft is primarily generated through electromagnetic induction.
- [Aircraft Welding](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-welding/): The origins of welding can be traced back to the Bronze Age, but the modern welding processes used today were largely developed during the 19th century.
- [Aircraft Painting and Finishing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-painting-and-finishing/): Paint, or more specifically its overall color and application, is usually the first impression that is transmitted to someone when they look at an aircraft for the first time.
- [Force, Work, Power, and Torque | Aviation Physics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/force-work-power-and-torque-aviation-physics/): Before the concept of work, power, or torque can be discussed, we need to understand what force means.
- [Energy | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/energy-physics-for-aviation/): Energy is typically defined as something that gives us the capacity to perform work.
- [Matter | Physics for Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/matter-physics-for-aviation/): Matter is the foundation, or the building blocks, for any discussion of physics.
- [Fire Protection | Aviation Safety](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fire-protection-aviation-safety/): Three things are required for a fire.
- [Opposed Light-Sport, Experimental, and Certified Aircraft Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/opposed-light-sport-experimental-and-certified-aircraft-engines/): Many certified engines are used with light-sport and experimental aircraft. Generally, cost is a big factor when considering this type of powerplant.
- [Servicing Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/servicing-aircraft/): Checking or servicing aircraft fluids is an important maintenance function.
- [Powered Parachute Aerodynamics | Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/powered-parachute-aerodynamics-theory-of-flight/): A powered parachute has a carriage very similar to the weight-shift control aircraft.
- [Q&A | Propellers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-propellers/): a. By slip rings and segment plates.
- [Answers - Engine Exhaust and Reverser Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-engine-exhaust-and-reverser-systems/): Exhaust system parts are subjected to corrosive exhaust gases and large changes in temperature.
- [Questions | Aircraft Engine Exhaust and Reverser Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-engine-exhaust-and-reverser-systems/): High heat conductivity and flexibility.
- [Weight-Shift Control, Flexible Wing Aircraft Aerodynamics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/weight-shift-control-flexible-wing-aircraft-aerodynamics/): A weight-shift control, flexible wing type aircraft consists of a fabric-covered wing, often referred to as the sail, attached to a tubular structure that has wheels, seats, and an engine and propeller.
- [Answers - Engine Cooling Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-engine-cooling-systems/): Many reciprocating engines utilize cylinder baffles to help direct cooling air into close contact with all cylinder parts.
- [Questions - Aircraft Engine Cooling Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-engine-cooling-systems/): create a low pressure area aft of the cylinders.
- [Answers - Induction and Engine Airflow Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-induction-and-engine-airflow-systems/): Induction system ice forms in float and pressure carburetors when water condenses out of the air in a carburetor's venturi and freezes.
- [Questions | Induction and Engine Airflow Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-induction-and-engine-airflow-systems/): preheat the intake air.
- [Helicopter Aerodynamics | Aircraft Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/helicopter-aerodynamics-aircraft-theory-of-flight/): The helicopter, as we know it today, falls under the classification known as rotorcraft.
- [High-Speed Aerodynamics | Aircraft Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/high-speed-aerodynamics-aircraft-theory-of-flight/): When air is flowing at subsonic speed, it acts like an incompressible fluid.
- [Q&A | Engine Fuel and Fuel Metering Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-engine-fuel-and-fuel-metering-systems/): a. When the fuel pump pressure is greater than the demand of the engine.
- [Flight Control Surfaces - Aircraft Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/flight-control-surfaces-aircraft-theory-of-flight/): The purpose of flight controls is to allow the pilot to maneuver the airplane, and to control it from the time it starts the takeoff roll until it lands and safely comes to a halt.
- [Aircraft Stability | Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-stability-theory-of-flight/): When an airplane is in straight-and-level flight at a constant velocity, all the forces acting on the airplane are in equilibrium.
- [Aircraft Theory of Flight](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-theory-of-flight/): Before a technician can consider performing maintenance on an aircraft, it is necessary to understand the pieces that make up the aircraft.
- [Aircraft Nose Wheel Steering Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-nose-wheel-steering-systems/): Aircraft nose wheel steering systems provide directional control during ground operations such as taxiing, takeoff, and landing.
- [Aircraft Landing Gear Maintenance and Inspection](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-landing-gear-maintenance-and-inspection/): The moving parts and dirty environment of the landing gear make this an area of regular maintenance.
- [Aircraft Landing Gear Alignment and Retraction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-landing-gear-alignment-and-retraction/): Aircraft landing gear must be properly aligned, securely supported, and reliably retracted and extended to ensure safe ground operations and flight.
- [Aircraft Landing Gear Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-landing-gear-types/): Aircraft landing gear supports the entire weight of an aircraft during landing and ground operations.
- [Hole Repair and Aircraft Control Cable Hardware](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/hole-repair-and-aircraft-control-cable-hardware/): Aircraft fastener holes may require repair after corrosion removal, fastener replacement, or minor damage.
- [Precision Layout and Measuring Tools](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/precision-layout-and-measuring-tools/): Layout and measuring devices are precision tools. They are carefully machined, accurately marked and, in many cases, are made up of very delicate parts.
- [DC Generators: Theory, Construction, and Types](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/dc-generators-theory-construction-and-types/): Direct current (DC) generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.
- [Aircraft Safety Wiring and Fastener Safetying](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-safety-wiring-and-fastener-safetying/): Aircraft hardware and fasteners are subjected to constant vibration, aerodynamic loads, and operational stresses during flight.
- [Human Factors Questions for AMT Exam Prep](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/human-factors-questions-for-amt-exam-prep/): Test your knowledge of aviation maintenance human factors, including the PEAR and SHEL models, MEDA, fatigue, stress, communication, complacency, and the Dirty Dozen.
- [Aircraft Hydraulic Power Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-hydraulic-power-systems/): Smaller aircraft have relatively low flight control surface loads, allowing the pilot to operate the flight controls directly by hand.
- [Aircraft Fire Protection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fire-protection-systems/): Aircraft fire protection systems are designed to detect, warn, and extinguish fires before they can threaten the safety of the aircraft and its occupants.
- [What Are Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance?](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/what-are-human-factors-in-aviation-maintenance/): The term human factors has grown increasingly popular as the commercial aviation industry realize that human error, rather than mechanical failure, underlies most aviation accidents and incidents.
- [Aviation Human Factors and Error Prevention](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-human-factors-and-error-prevention/): Human factors are a critical element in aviation safety and maintenance.
- [Aircraft Materials, Hardware and Processes](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-materials-hardware-and-processes/): Aircraft are constructed from a wide range of materials and assembled with specialized hardware designed to meet demanding strength, weight, and durability requirements.
- [Aircraft Cleaning and Corrosion Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cleaning-and-corrosion-control/): Cleaning and corrosion control are essential parts of aircraft maintenance because corrosion can weaken structures, damage components, and reduce the service life of an aircraft.
- [Aircraft Inspection Concepts and Techniques](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-inspection-concepts-and-techniques/): Aircraft inspection is a critical part of aviation maintenance, ensuring that aircraft structures and components remain safe and airworthy.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-principles/): Weight and balance are critical factors that affect the safety, stability, and performance of an aircraft.
- [Aircraft Maintenance Regulations and Records](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-maintenance-regulations-and-records/): Aircraft maintenance activities are governed by a system of regulations, documentation, and record-keeping procedures designed to ensure safety and compliance with aviation standards.
- [Light-Sport Aircraft Engines Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/light-sport-aircraft-engines-maintenance/): Light-sport aircraft (LSA) engines are designed to provide reliable power while maintaining the simplicity, efficiency, and weight limitations required for light-sport aircraft.
- [Aircraft Engine Overhaul: Receiving Inspection and Disassembly](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-overhaul-receiving-inspection-and-disassembly/): The receiving inspection consists of determining the general condition of the total engine as received, along with an inventory of the engine’s components.
- [Aircraft Engine Fire Protection Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-engine-fire-protection-systems/): Aircraft engine fire protection systems are designed to detect and suppress fires in critical areas of the aircraft powerplant.
- [Wood Aircraft Structures: Construction and Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/wood-aircraft-structures-construction-and-repair/): Wood was one of the earliest materials used in aircraft construction.
- [Tools for Sheet Metal Construction and Repair](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/tools-for-sheet-metal-construction-and-repair/): Without modern metalworking tools and machines, the job of the airframe technician would be more difficult and tiresome, and the time required to finish a task would be much greater.
- [Aircraft Fabric Covering](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fabric-covering/): Fabric covering has been a critical component of aircraft construction since the earliest days of aviation.
- [Aircraft Structures and Design](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-structures-and-design/): Aircraft structures form the framework that supports and shapes an aircraft.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-guide/): Accurate aircraft weight and balance control is essential for safe flight operations and regulatory compliance.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Classifications](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-classifications/): There are two primary functional categories of gas turbine engines: thrust-producing engines and shaft (torque)-producing engines.
- [Future Trends in Aircraft Fuel Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/future-trends-in-aircraft-fuel-systems/): Over the past five decades, avionics technology has advanced dramatically.
- [AC Electrical Test Instruments in Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ac-electrical-test-instruments-in-aviation/): A DC meter, such as an ammeter, connected in an AC circuit indicates zero, because the meter movements used in a d’Arsonval type movement is restricted to DC.
- [Aircraft Fuel Tank Vent Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-fuel-tank-vent-systems/): Commercial aircraft use an open vent system to connect the ullage space above the fuel in each tank to the outside atmosphere.
- [Airbus A380-800 Fuel System and Management](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/airbus-a380-800-fuel-system-and-management/): The Airbus A380-800, the world’s largest commercial passenger aircraft, is a double-deck, wide-body airliner with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of approximately 560 tons and a range of about 8,200 nautical miles.
- [Aircraft Turbine Engine Entrance Ducts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-turbine-engine-entrance-ducts/): Modern turbine engine entrance ducts are carefully engineered to deliver air to the compressor with minimum total pressure loss, uniform velocity distribution, and minimal turbulence.
- [Special Fasteners for Shear and Bearing Loads](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/special-fasteners-for-shear-and-bearing-loads/): Many special fasteners produce high strength with lightweight and can be used in place of conventional AN bolts and nuts.
- [Capacitors: Types, Working, and Behavior in AC/DC Circuits](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/capacitors-types-working-and-behavior-in-ac-dc-circuits/): Another important property in AC circuits, besides resistance and inductance, is capacitance.
- [Turbine Engine Exhaust Section](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-exhaust-section/): The exhaust section is located just behind the turbine section. It generally consists of a convergent exhaust duct, an exhaust cone, and an inner tail cone.
- [Amplifier Circuits | Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/amplifier-circuits-fundamentals-of-electricity-and-electronics/): An amplifier is a device that enables an input signal to control an output signal.
- [Aircraft Wing Vortex System](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-wing-vortex-system/): Lanchester’s work introduced a groundbreaking idea: replacing the physical lifting wing with a theoretical model built from a system of vortices.
- [History of Turbine Engine Development](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/history-of-turbine-engine-development/): Although the terms jet engine and gas turbine engine are sometimes used interchangeably, they actually refer to distinct types of engine designs.
- [Turbine Engine Water Injection Thrust Augmentation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/turbine-engine-water-injection-thrust-augmentation/): Some gas turbine engines require the use of a water injection, power augmentation system to increase flat rated thrust or to regain thrust when operating under high ambient temperatures or high altitude runway conditions.
- [Types of Magnets](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-magnets/): Magnets are either natural or artificial.
- [Processes and Materials Used in Aircraft Corrosion Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/processes-and-materials-used-in-aircraft-corrosion-control/): Aircraft parts are almost always provided with some type of surface finish by the manufacturer.
- [DC Generator Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/dc-generator-maintenance/): The following information about the inspection and maintenance of DC generator systems is general in nature because of the large number of differing aircraft generator systems.
- [Hydraulic Transmissions in Aircraft Electrical Power Generation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/hydraulic-transmissions-in-aircraft-electrical-power-generation/): The transmission is mounted between the generator and the aircraft engine.
- [Nickel-Cadmium and Lithium Ion Batteries](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/nickel-cadmium-and-lithium-ion-batteries/): Active materials in nickel-cadmium cells (Ni-Cad) are nickel hydrate (NiOOH) in the charged positive plate (Anode) and sponge cadmium (Cd) in the charged negative plate (Cathode).
- [Aircraft Cabin Environmental Control Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-cabin-environmental-control-systems/): Throughout the operation of an aircraft, whether on the ground or in flight, the crew and passengers must be maintained in comfortable environmental conditions.
- [Aviation Batteries](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-batteries/): The dry cell is the most common type of primary-cell battery and is similar in its characteristics to that of an electrolytic cell.
- [Circuit Protection Devices](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/circuit-protection-devices/): Perhaps the most serious trouble in a circuit is a direct short.
- [Types of Resistors](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/types-of-resistors/): Fixed resistors have built into the design a means of opposing current.
- [Power and Energy | Fundamentals of Electricity](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/power-and-energy-fundamentals-of-electricity/): This section covers power in the DC circuit and energy consumption.
- [Resistance of a Conductor](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/resistance-of-a-conductor/): While wire of any size or resistance value may be used, the word “conductor” usually refers to materials that offer low resistance to current flow, and the word “insulator” describes materials that offer high resistance to current.
- [Electromagnetism | Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/electromagnetism-fundamentals-of-electricity-and-electronics/): In 1820, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, discovered that the needle of a compass brought near a current carrying conductor would be deflected.
- [Magnetism | Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/magnetism-fundamentals-of-electricity-and-electronics/): Magnetism is defined as the property of an object to attract certain metallic substances.
- [Static Electricity](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/static-electricity/): Electricity is often described as being either static or dynamic.
- [General Composition of Matter](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/general-composition-of-matter/): Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and volume and is the substance of which physical objects are composed.
- [Aircraft Electrical and Electronics Fundamentals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-electrical-and-electronics-fundamentals/): Electricity and electronics are fundamental to modern aircraft systems, powering essential components such as instruments, lighting, communication equipment, and control systems.
- [Q&A | Engine Operation, Maintenance, and Overhaul](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-engine-operation-maintenance-and-overhaul/): a. Summary of Supplemental Type Certificates.
- [Mechanically-Expanded Rivets](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/mechanically-expanded-rivets/): The self-plugging (friction lock) blind rivets are manufactured by several companies.
- [Introduction to Transistors](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/introduction-to-transistors/): The transistor is a three-terminal device primarily used to amplify signals and control current within a circuit.
- [Q&A | Wood, Composite and Transparent Plastic Structures](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-wood-composite-and-transparent-plastic-structures/): __________ and __________.
- [Aircraft Rectifiers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rectifiers/): Many devices in an aircraft require high amperage, low voltage DC for operation.
- [Generator Principles](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/generator-principles/): After the discovery that an electric current flowing through a conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor, there was considerable scientific speculation about whether a magnetic field could create a current flow in a conductor.
- [Fastener Torque](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/fastener-torque/): As the speed of an aircraft increases, each structural member becomes more highly stressed.
- [Q&A | Basic Electricity](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-basic-electricity/): a. Decrease the length or the cross-sectional area.
- [AC Motors in Aircraft](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ac-motors-in-aircraft/): Because of their advantages, many types of aircraft motors are designed to operate on alternating current.
- [Aircraft Rivets](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-rivets/): Sheets of metal must be fastened together to form the aircraft structure, and this is usually done with solid aluminum-alloy rivets.
- [Biplane Assembly and Rigging](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/biplane-assembly-and-rigging/): The assembly and rigging of a biplane require careful attention to alignment, incidence angles, wire tension, and overall structural symmetry.
- [Alternators in Aviation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/alternators-in-aviation/): An electrical generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.
- [Installation and Safetying of Nuts, Washers, and Bolts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/installation-and-safetying-of-nuts-washers-and-bolts/): Slight clearances in bolt holes are permissible wherever bolts are used in tension and are not subject to reversal of load.
- [Answers | Aircraft Cleaning and Corrosion Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/answers-aircraft-cleaning-and-corrosion-control/): Some nonapproved commercial cleaning compounds can cause a chemical reaction with some of the metals used in aircraft structure.
- [Questions | Aircraft Cleaning and Corrosion Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/questions-aircraft-cleaning-and-corrosion-control/): a. hydrogen embrittlement in metal structures.
- [Reducing Emissions from Gas Turbine Engines](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/reducing-emissions-from-gas-turbine-engines/): Gas turbine engines play a very important role in the industrial sector, for example, power generation, aviation, and marine propulsion.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Thrust Vectoring](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-thrust-vectoring/): Thrust vectoring is a technology that enhanced aircraft performance and maneuverability, completely changing the aviation industry.
- [Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Diffuser](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-gas-turbine-engine-diffuser/): The diffuser is one of the important components which directly influence engine performance and its effectiveness.
- [AC Reactance, Impedance and Power Factor](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/ac-reactance-impedance-and-power-factor/): AC circuits contain resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance, all of which influence current flow, phase relationships, and overall power efficiency.
- [Aircraft Washers](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-washers/): Aircraft washers used in airframe repair are either plain, lock, or special type washers.
- [Use of Computer for Weight and Balance Computations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/use-of-computer-for-weight-and-balance-computations/): Almost all weight and balance problems involve only simple math.
- [Aircraft Nuts](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-nuts/): Aircraft nuts are made in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- [Commuter Category and Large Aircraft Weight and Balance Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/commuter-category-and-large-aircraft-weight-and-balance-control/): This section discusses general guidelines and procedures for weighing large fixed-wing aircraft exceeding a takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds.
- [Aircraft Bolt](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-bolt/): Aircraft bolts are fabricated from cadmium- or zinc-plated corrosion-resistant steel, un-plated corrosion-resistant steel, or anodized-aluminum alloys.
- [Weight and Balance Control - Helicopter](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/weight-and-balance-control-helicopter/): Helicopter weight and balance management demands a higher degree of precision than most fixed-wing aircraft operations.
- [Comprehensive Guide to Aircraft Airframe and Powerplant Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/comprehensive-guide-to-aircraft-airframe-and-powerplant-systems/): Gain comprehensive knowledge of airframe systems with a focus on the principles, fundamentals, and technical procedures essential for aviation professionals and students.
- [Aircraft Seals](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-seals/): Seals are used to prevent fluid from passing a certain point, as well as to keep air and dirt out of the system in which they are used.
- [Center of Gravity Change After a Repair or Alteration](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/center-of-gravity-change-after-a-repair-or-alteration/): The largest weight changes that occur during the lifetime of an aircraft are those caused by alterations and repairs.
- [Nonmetallic Aircraft Materials](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/nonmetallic-aircraft-materials/): The use of magnesium, plastic, fabric, and wood in aircraft construction has nearly disappeared since the mid-1950s.
- [Q&A | Position and Warning Systems](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/qa-position-and-warning-systems/): a. measure wheel rotational speed and any speed changes.
- [Multiengine Aircraft Weight and Balance Computations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/multiengine-aircraft-weight-and-balance-computations/): Accurate weight and balance control is especially critical in multiengine airplanes, where higher performance and greater loading flexibility can quickly lead to unsafe center of gravity (CG) conditions if not carefully managed.
- [Metal Cutting Tools for Aircraft Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/metal-cutting-tools-for-aircraft-maintenance/): Metal cutting tools are essential in aircraft maintenance for shaping, trimming, drilling, finishing, and preparing components during fabrication and repair.
- [Single Engine Aircraft Weight and Balance Computations](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/single-engine-aircraft-weight-and-balance-computations/): Weight and balance computations are a fundamental responsibility for every pilot operating a single-engine aircraft.
- [Light Sport Aircraft Weight and Balance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/light-sport-aircraft-weight-and-balance/): Weight and balance principles apply to all aircraft regardless of configuration, but the method of control and structural design greatly influence how these principles are evaluated.
- [Aircraft Metal Hardness Testing](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-metal-hardness-testing/): Hardness testing is a method of determining the results of heat treatment, as well as the state of a metal prior to heat treatment.
- [Light Sport Aircraft Maintenance Regulations and Publications](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/light-sport-aircraft-maintenance-regulations-and-publications/): The light sport aircraft (LSA) category includes gliders, airplanes, gyroplanes, powered parachutes, weight-shift and lighter-than-air aircraft.
- [Weighing the Aircraft and Determining the EWCG](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/weighing-the-aircraft-and-determining-the-ewcg/): The Weight and Balance Theory post explained the theory of weight and balance and gave examples of the way the center of gravity (CG) could be found for a lever loaded with several weights.
- [Managing Metal Expansion and Contraction](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/managing-metal-expansion-and-contraction/): During welding, heat causes metal to expand and subsequent cooling causes it to contract.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Theory](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-theory/): Weight and balance in aircraft is based on the law of the lever.
- [Spray Gun Operation](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/spray-gun-operation/): To obtain the correct spray pattern, set the recommended air pressure on the gun, usually 40 to 50 psi for a conventional gun.
- [Aircraft Weight and Balance Control](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-weight-and-balance-control/): There are many factors in the safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including proper weight and balance control.
- [General Purpose Hand Tools for Aircraft Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/general-purpose-hand-tools-for-aircraft-maintenance/): General purpose hand tools are essential for every aircraft maintenance technician (AMT).
- [Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Rivets, Magnesium Alloys and Titanium](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/heat-treatment-of-aluminum-alloy-rivets-magnesium-alloys-and-titanium/): Aluminum alloy rivets are furnished in the following compositions: alloys 1100, 5056, 2117, 2017, and 2024.
- [FAA Forms and Records](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/faa-forms-and-records/): In addition to the registration certificate that indicates the ownership of an aircraft, an airworthiness certificate indicates the airworthiness of the aircraft.
- [Preparing for Aircraft Painting](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/preparing-for-aircraft-painting/): The most important part of any painting project is the preparation of the substrate surface.

## Pages

- [Home](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/): Explore aviation fundamentals, aircraft structures, powerplant systems, technical principles, and aircraft weight and balance through structured study guides and educational video lessons.
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- [About Aero Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/about-aero-guide/): Welcome to Aero Guide, an independent aviation education website providing structured learning resources on aircraft systems, aircraft maintenance, aviation technology, and aeronautical engineering.
- [Aviation Maintenance Test Papers for Students and Instructors](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-maintenance-test-papers-for-students-and-instructors/): These question papers are primarily designed for the FAA A&P License Exam, helping you practice with questions that follow real exam standards.
- [Contact Aero Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/contact-aero-guide/): Have a question about our aircraft systems articles, aircraft maintenance topics, or aviation technical education resources?
- [Terms of Use](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/terms-of-use/): These Terms of Use govern your access to and use of Aero Guide. By accessing or using this website, you agree to these Terms of Use.
- [Support Us](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/support-us/): Aero Guide is dedicated to supporting aviation students, technicians, and engineering enthusiasts by providing free, high-quality technical materials on aircraft systems, components, and maintenance practices.
- [AMT Question Bank and Study Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/amt-question-bank-and-study-guide/): This specialized question bank is designed to enhance your understanding of aviation maintenance core concepts and prepare you for written exams and professional challenges.
- [Aviation Maintenance General Fundamentals Guide](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aviation-maintenance-general-fundamentals-guide/): The Aviation Maintenance General Section serves as the foundation for students preparing for mechanic certification in Airframe, Powerplant, or both ratings.
- [Handbooks](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/handbooks/)
- [Airframe Systems and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/airframe-systems-and-maintenance/): The Airframe section provides the essential knowledge and skills required for the inspection, maintenance, and repair of an aircraft’s structural and mechanical systems.
- [Aircraft Powerplant Systems and Maintenance](https://aircraftsystemstech.com/aircraft-powerplant-systems-and-maintenance/): The Powerplant section provides the core knowledge required for individuals pursuing Powerplant Mechanic certification.


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